Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika, volume 39 issue 1 (march 2024) : 10-16

Application of Herbal Medicine in Aquaculture Sector for the Control of Fish Disease and Growth Performance: A Review

Tarang Kumar Shah1, Madhu Sharma1,*, Daisy Rani1, Avdhesh Kumar2
1Department of Fisheries, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, Himachal Pradesh, India.
2Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Uttarakhand, India.
  • Submitted26-09-2023|

  • Accepted02-04-2024|

  • First Online 11-04-2024|

  • doi 10.18805/BKAP680

Cite article:- Shah Kumar Tarang, Sharma Madhu, Rani Daisy, Kumar Avdhesh (2024). Application of Herbal Medicine in Aquaculture Sector for the Control of Fish Disease and Growth Performance: A Review . Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika. 39(1): 10-16. doi: 10.18805/BKAP680.

Aquaculture is a fast-growing animal food-producing industry in India. With the growing human population, dependence on aquaculture to provide a proteinaceous and economical supply of food has increased. The use of antibiotics is becoming increasingly widespread in the aquaculture industry to provide a protein-rich food supply, which is having negative impacts on human populations. As the benefits of medicinal herbs become clear, the use of antibiotics can be reduced gradually. Various medicinal herbs are known to have excellent some properties, such as antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activity, enhancing fish growth, etc. The purpose of this paper is to provide the latest scientific information on the application of medicinal herbs in aquaculture sectors as well as to review the potential problems and recommendations for the application of medicinal herbs in aquaculture.


  1. Adel, M., Abedian Amiri, A., Zorriehzahra, J., Nematolahi, A. and Esteban, M.Á. (2015). Effects of dietary peppermint (Mentha piperita) on growth performance, chemical body composition and hematological and immune parameters of fry Caspian white fish (Rutilus frisii kutum). Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 45(2): 841- 847. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.06.010.

  2. ALsafah, A.H. and Faragi, J.A. (2017). Influence of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) as feed additives on growth performance and antifungal activity on Saprolegnia spp. in Cyprinus carpio L. Journal of Entomology and Zoological Studies. 5(6): 1598-1602.

  3. Awad, E., Austin, D. and Lyndon, A. (2013). Effect of black cumin seed oil (Nigella sativa) and nettle extract (Quercetin) on enhancement of immunity in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture. 388: 193-197.

  4. Babu, N. (1965). Observations on the Toxicity of the Seeds of Croton tiglium Linnon Predatory Weed Fishes. Science and Culture. 31: 308-310.

  5. Burridge, L., Weis, J.S., Cabello, F., Pizarro, J., Bostick, K. (2010). Chemical use in salmon aquaculture: A review of current practices and possible environmental effects. Aquaculture. 306: 7-23.

  6. Chuah, L., Effarizah, M.E., Goni, A.M., Rusul, G. (2016). Antibiotic application and emergence of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) in global catfish aquaculture. Curr. Environ. Health Rep. 3: 118-127.

  7. Das, R., Raman, R.P., Saha, H. and Singh, R. (2013). Effect of Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Tulsi) extract on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture Research. 46(5): 1111-1121. doi:10.1111/are.12264.

  8. Divyagnaneswari, M., Christybapita, D. and Dinakaran, R.M. (2008). Immunomodulatory Activity of Solanum trilobatum Leaf Extracts in Oreochromis niloticus, In Bondad-[Reantaso, M.G., Mohan, C.V., Crumlish, M. and Subasinghe, R.P. (eds.)]. Diseases in Asian Aquaculture VI. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines. pp. 221-234. 505. doi: 10.1007/s11046-008-9150-z.

  9. El-shazly, M.M. and El-sharnoubi, E.D. (2000). Toxicity of a neem (Azadirachta indica) Insecticide to Certain Aquatic Organisms. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 30: 221-231.

  10. Eruygur, N., Koçyiðit, U.M., Taslimi, P., Ataþ, M., Tekin, M. and Gülçin, Ý. (2018). Screening the in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase, antidiabetic activities of endemic Achillea cucullata (Asteraceae) ethanol extract. South African Journal of Botany. doi: 10.1016/ j.sajb.2018.04.001. (Accepted Copy).

  11. Farahmandfar, R., Kenari, R.E., Asnaashari, M., Shahrampour, D. and Bakhshandeh, T. (2019). Bioactive compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Arum maculatum leaves extracts as affected by various solvents and extraction methods. Food Sci. Nutr. 7: 465-475. https://doi. org/10.1002/fsn3.815.

  12. Gabriel, U.U., Obomanu, F.G. and Edori, O.S. (2009). Haematology, plasma enzymes and organ indices of Clarias gariepinus after intramuscular injection with aqueous leaves extracts of Lepidagathis alopecuroides. African Journal of Biochemistry Research. 3(9): 312-316.

  13. Gedikoðlu, A., Sökmen, M. and Çivit, A. (2019). Evaluation of Thymus vulgaris and Thymbra spicata essential oils and plant extracts for chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Food Sci. Nutr. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1007.

  14. Gültepe, N., Bilen, S., Yýlmaz, S., Güroy, D. and Aydýn, S. (2014). Effects of herbs and spice on health status of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) challenged with Streptococcus iniae. Acta Vet. Brno. 83: 125-131. doi: 10.2754/avb201483020125.

  15. Hassanin, M. El-Sayed, Hakim, Y. and Badawi, M. El-Sayed. (2014). Dietry effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) on growth performance, immune response of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila. Abbassa Int. J. Aqua. 7(1): 35-52.

  16. Kaur, R. and Shah, T.K. (2017). Role of feed additives in pigmentation of ornamental fishes. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies. 5(2): 684-686.

  17. Khan, I.R., Saha, R.K. and Saha, H. (2017). Muli bamboo (Melocanna baccifera) leaves ethanolic extract a non-toxic Phyto prophylactic against low pH stress and saprolegniasis in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish and Shellfish Immunology. (Accepted).

  18. Khosravi, A.R., Shokri, H., Sharifrohani, M., Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi, H. and Moosavi, Z. (2012). Evaluation of the antifungal activity of Zataria multiûora, Geranium herbarium and Eucalyptus camaldolensis essential oils on Saprolegnia parasitica-infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) egg. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 9(7): 1-6.

  19. Krishna, S., Chandrasekaran, S., Dhanasekar, D. and Perumal, A. (2019). GCMS analysis, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of ethanol extract of Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R.Br. ex. Sims leaves. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 5(1): 180-187.

  20. Leite, S.P., Vieira, J.R., de Medeiros, P.L., Leite, R.M., de Menezes Lima, V.L., Xavier, H.S. and de Oliveira Lima, E. (2006). Antimicrobial activity of Indigofera suffruticosa. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 3(2): 261-265.

  21. Maqsood, S., Samoon, M.H. and Singh, P. (2009). Immunomodulatory and growth promoting effect of dietary levamisole in cyprinus carpio fingerlings against the challenge of Aeromonas hydrophila. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 9: 111-120.

  22. Mehrabi, Z., Firouzbakhsh, F., Mianji, G.R. and Paknejad, H. (2018). Immunostimulatory effect of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) on nonspecific immune response, immune gene expression and experimental challenge with Saprolegnia parasitica in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquacultutre. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.01.025. (Accepted copy).

  23. Nya, E.J. and Austin, B. (2009). Use of dietary ginger, Zingiber oficinale Roscoe, as an immunostimulant to control Aeromonas hydrophila infections in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Journal of Fish Diseases. 32: 971-977. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2761. 2009.01101.x.

  24. Ojha, M.L., Chadha, N.K., Saini, V.P., Damroy, S. Chandraprakash and Sawant, P.B., (2014). Effect of ethanolic extract of Mucuna pruriens on growth, metabolism and immunity of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies. 5: 01-09.

  25. Pirbalouti, A.G., Taheri, M., Raisee, M., Bahrami, R. and Abdizadeh, R. (2009). In vitro antifungal activity of plant extracts on Saprolegnia parasitica from cutaneous lesions of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 7(2): 94-96. DOI: 10.2298/ABS1003633G.

  26. Prasad, G. and Priyanka, G.L. (2011). Effect of fruit rind extract of Garcinia gummi-gutta on haematology and plasma biochemistry of catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Asian Journal of Biochemistry. 6: 240-251.

  27. Punitha, S.M.J., Babu, M.M., Sivaram, V., Shankar, Dhas, A., Mahesh, T.C., Immanuel, G. and Citarasu, T. (2008). Immunostimulating influence of herbal biomedicines on nonspecific immunity in Grouper Epinephelus tauvina juvenile against Vibrio harveyi infection. Aquacult Int. 16: 511-523. DOI: 10.1007/s10499- 007-9162-6.

  28. Sahu, S., Das, B.K., Mishra, B.K., Pradhan, J. and Sarangi, N. (2007). Effect of Allium sativum on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 23(1): 80-86. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00785.x.

  29. Scavo, A., Rial, C., Varela, R.M., Molinillo, J.M.G., Mauromicale, G. and Macías, F.A. (2019). Influence of genotype and harvest time on Cynara cardunculus L. sesquiterpene lactone profile. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 67(23): 6487-6496. doi: 10.1021/ acs.jafc.9b02313.

  30. Srinivasan, G., Babu, P.C., Sundara. and Murugeswari, V. (2001). Effect of neem products and insecticides on the egg parasitoids, Trichogramma spp. (Trichogrammatidae: Hymenoptera). Pesticide Research Journal. 13: 250-253.

  31. Sudhakaran, S.D., Srirekha, P., Devasree, L.D., Premsingh, S. and Michael, R.D. (2006). Immunostimulatory effect of Tinospora cordifolia Miers leaf extract in Oreochromis mossambicus. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 44: 726-732.

  32. Trojan-rodrigues, M. et al., (2012). Plants used as antidiabetics in popular medicine in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 139: 155-163.

  33. Vijayakumari, P. and Sukumaran, N. (2017). Effect of Euphorbia hirta plant leaf extract on immunostimulant response of Aeromonas hydrophila infected Cyprinus carpio. Peer J. 13; 2: e671. doi: 10.7717/peerj.671. PMID: 25405077; PMCID: PMC4232839.

  34. Yılmaz, S., Ergün, S. and Şanver Çelik, E. (2012). Effects of herbal supplements on growth performance of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Change in body composition and some blood parameters. J. BioSci. Biotech. 1(3): 217-222.

  35. Zeraatpisheh, F., Firouzbakhsh, F. and Khalili, K.J. (2018). Effects of the macroalga Sargassum angustifolium hot water extract on hematological parameters and immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncohrynchus mykiss) infected with Yersinia rukeri. Journal of Applied Phycology. 30(3): 2029-2037. doi: 10.1007/ s10811-018-1395-4.

Editorial Board

View all (0)