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Full Research Article

Effect of Silicon and Abscisic Acid Spray on Growth, Yield and Quality of Sunflower under Different Irrigation Periods

Firas W. Ahmed1,*, Ali Jasim Hadi AL-Tameemi1
1Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences/University of Baghdad, Iraq.

ABSTRACT

Background: During autumn season of 2022, a field experiment was conducted at College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad to investigate the effect of silicon and abscisic acid spraying on sunflowers under various water stress conditions on growth, yield and quality of sunflower in Calcareous Soil.

Methods: The experiment involved three levels of water stress, with irrigation scheduled every 2, 4 and 6 days. Additionally, three concentrations of silicon 0, 2 and 4 mg L-1 and three concentrations of abscisic acid 0, 0.5, 1 mg L-1 was considered. The experimental design employed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a split-split plot arrangement with three replicates.

Result: Results showed a significant effect of irrigation every 2 days exhibited superior performance, leading to peroxidase activity achieved 15.8 mg protein-1, catalase activity of 10.98 mg protein-1, abscisic acid concentration of 0.462 µg ml-1, silicon concentrations of 0.283%. The application of 4 mg L-1 of silicon proved to be superior, resulting in peroxidase activity of 20.35 mg protein-1, catalase activity of 18.58 mg protein-1, abscisic acid concentration of 0.473 µg ml-1, proline concentration of 12.46 µM g-1, silicon concentrations of 0.246 % and seed yield of 6.064 Mg ha-1. The use of 1 mg L-1 of abscisic acid achieved superiority, yielding peroxidase activity of 20.12 mg protein-1, catalase activity of 19.05 mg protein-1, abscisic acid of 0.508 µg ml-1, proline concentration of 14 µM g-1, silicon at 0.271 % and seed yield of 6.136 Mg ha-1 .  

INTRODUCTION

Silicon is one of the most abundant nutrients in the Earth’s crust and is found mainly in an inert state with a small portion in a dissolved state. Due to agricultural practices, large amounts of it have been removed from the soil (Shi et al., 2016; Sapre and Dinesh, 2016; Sinky, 2023; Truong et al., 2024). Although silicon is not considered essential nutrients for plants growth, some studies have shown that it constitutes 0.1-10% of dry matter production in some plants (Epstien, 2009; Verma et al., 2021 and Ebeed et al., 2023). The addition of silicon on the plants played a role in reducing the effect of water stress by reducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the promotion of enzymatic antioxidants and converting hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water (Al-Aloosy et al., 2018; Saleem and Joody, 2019).
       
Abscisic acid is one of the essential plant hormones, serving not only as an internal signal within the plant but also as a stress hormone. It is plays a fundamental role in regulating plant growth by inhibiting the release of ethylene, which is considered a growth inhibitor. Its plays a crucial role during water stress and some researchers have referred to it as the “stress hormone” due to its rapid accumulation during stress conditions (Hussain et al., 2012; Majeed et al., 2019 and Hong-Tao et al., 2023). Al-Sahuki (2013) pointed out that ABA acts as an anti-transparent, generated in response to severe drought, leading to various changes in cell functions, such as stomata closure and that fully irrigated plants have their stomata wide open and any reduction in stomata openings leads to reduce water loss to a great extent (AL-Jeboori et al., 2017; Qadir et al., 2019 and Hussain et al., 2021). Studies indicate that improving plant tolerance to water stress, a process controlled by ABA, is important in reducing the rate of transpiration in leaves (Hussain et al., 2012 and Mustafa, 2017). ABA is the hormone that responds most to environmental stresses and is even involved in the direct response to water stress (Vlot et al., 2009 and Naser et al., 2020). Bakht et al., (2010) indicated that water stress during the vegetative growth stages leads to reducing the ability of cells to swell and elongate and reducing their size, thus reducing the leaf area depending on the level of water stress.
       
Water stress is a type of abiotic environmental stresses that occurs when the soil moisture content decreases due to insufficient rainfall or when water loss exceeds absorption through roots water uptake, leading to changes in the plants natural environment directly (a decrease in the water potential of the soil), Additionally, it results in physiological and biochemical changes in the plant’s functions (Hashim and Ahmed, 2017; Abdulameer and Ahmed, 2019).
       
Sunflower crop (Helianthus annuus L.), part of the Asteraceae family, is one of the world’s leading oil-producing crops. It has grown recently due to global oil shortages, making it the second-highest oil producer after soybeans due to its 12% oil content and high saturated fatty acids (>33%) which makes it a top choice among vegetable oils. Additionally, sunflower seeds are rich in protein (42-93%) (AL-Tameemi et al., 2019; Jasim and Al-Tameemi, 2023).
       
The aim is to study the effect of silicon and abscisic acid spraying on sunflowers under various water stress conditions on growth, yield and quality of sunflower in Calcareous Soil.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A field experiment was conducted during the autumn season of 2022 in the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Jadirya-Iraq in silty loam soil, was subjected to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications in a split-split plot arrangement. The main plots were assigned to different irrigation periods 2, 4 and 6 days symbolized as W1, W2 and W3. Subplots were designated for the application of various concentrations of Silicon 0, 2 and 4 mg L-1, symbolized as S1, S2 and S3, while sub–sub plots contained treatments with different concentrations of abscisic acid 0, 0.5 and 1 mg L-1 symbolized as ABA1, ABA2 and ABA3. Both abscisic acid and Silicon were applied at three distinct growth stages. Soil samples were randomly collected from the 0-30 cm depth, air-dried, crushed and sieved through 2 mm diameter sieve for subsequent physical, chemical and fertility analysis (Table 1). Sunflower seeds (Master) were sown in 2 x 2 m plots, fertilized with 160 kg N ha-1, 40 kg P ha-1 and 70 kg K ha-1 using Urea (46% N), superphosphate (21% P) and potassium sulfate (41% K), respectively. Manual weeding was performed during the experiment.

Table 1: Physical, Chemical and fertility properties of the Soil.

RESULTS AND DISCUSION

Peroxidase activity
 
The results in Table (2) indicate that the third irrigation level W3 significantly effect in peroxidase activity in the leaves achieved 33.4 mg protien-1 compared to W1. It is also superior to concentration of silicon S1 and achieved 27.62 mg protien-1 compared to S3. The effect of spraying abscisic acid as ABA1 achieved 27.36 mg protien-1 compared to ABA3 which achieved 20.12 mg protien-1. The triple interaction between water irrigation levels, silicon spraying and abscisic acid had a significant effect on peroxidase activity and achieved 66.3 mg protein-1 in W3S1ABA1 compared to W1S1ABA3.

Table 2: Effect of silicon, abscisic acid spray and different irrigation periods on peroxidase activity (mg protien-1).


 
Catalase activity
 
Rresults in Table (3) indicate that the third irrigation level W3 significantly effect in catalase activity in the leaves achieved 30.26 mg protien-1 compared to W1. Furthermore, it is also superior to concentration of silicon S1 and achieved 22.57 mg protien-1 compared to S3. The effect of spraying abscisic acid as ABA1 achieved 23.13 mg protien-1 compared to ABA3. The triple interaction between water irrigation levels, silicon spraying and abscisic acid had a significant effect on catalase activity in the leaves and achieved 36.90 mg protein-1 in W3S1ABA1 compared to W1S3ABA3.

Table 3: Effect of silicon, abscisic acid spray and different irrigation periods on catalase activity (mg protien-1).


 
Abscisic acid concentration in the leaves
 
Rresults in Table (4) indicate that the third irrigation level W3 significantly effect in abscisic acid concentration achieved 0.607 µg ml-1 compared to W1. Furthermore, it is also superior to concentration of silicon S2 and gave 0.547 µg ml-1 compared to S3. The effect of spraying abscisic acid as ABA2 achieved 0.553 µg ml-1 compared to ABA1. The triple interaction between water irrigation levels, silicon spraying and abscisic acid had a significant effect on abscisic acid in the leaves and achieved 0.803 µg ml-1 in W3S1ABA1 compared to W2S3ABA2.

​

Table 4: Effect of silicon, abscisic acid spray and different irrigation periods on Abscisic acid concentration (µg ml-1).


 
Proline concentration in the leaves
 
Rresults in Table (5) indicate that the third irrigation level W3 significantly effect in proline concentration in the leaves achieved 23.39 µM g-1 compared to W1. Furthermore, it is also superior to concentration of silicon S1, as it achieved 17.73 µM g-1 compared to S3. The effect of spraying abscisic acid as ABA1 achieved 17.37 µM g-1 compared to ABA3. The triple interaction between water irrigation levels, silicon spraying and abscisic acid had a significant effect on proline concentration in the leaves and achieved 35.74 µM g-1 in W3S1ABA1 compared to W2S3ABA2.

Table 5: Effect of silicon, abscisic acid spray and different irrigation periods on Proline concentration in the leaves (µM g-1).


 
Silicon concentrations in the leaves
 
Results in Table (6) indicate that the third irrigation level W1 significantly effect in silicon concentration in the leaves achieved 0.283 % compared to W3. Furthermore, it is also superior to concentration of silicon S3, as it achieved 0.246 % compared to S1. The effect of spraying abscisic acid as ABA3 achieved 0.271 % compared to ABA1. The triple interaction between water irrigation levels, silicon spraying and abscisic acid had a significant effect on silicon in the leaves and achieved 0.341 % in W1S3ABA3 compared to W3S1ABA1.

Table 6: Effect of silicon, abscisic acid spray and different irrigation periods on Silicon concentrations in the leaves.


 
Seed yield
 
Rresults in Table (7) indicate that the third irrigation level W1 significantly effect in seed yield achieved 6.760 Mg ha-1 compared to W3. Furthermore, it is also superior to concentration of silicon S3, as it achieved 6.064 Mg ha-1 compared to S1. The effect of spraying abscisic acid as ABA3 achieved 6.136 Mg ha-1 compared to ABA1. The triple interaction between water irrigation levels, silicon spraying and abscisic acid had a significant effect on seed yield and achieved 7.442 Mg ha-1 in W1S3ABA3 compared to W3S1ABA1.

Table 7: Effect of silicon and abscisic acid spray and different irrigation periods on Seed yield (Mg ha-1).


       
The results showed the effect of water stress, represented by irrigation every 6 days, on reduction of all growth indicators and an increase in the efficiency of antioxidant enzymes and some non-enzymatic antioxidants. When plants are exposed to water stress, the activity of peroxidase and catalase enzymes increases in response to suppressing the harmful effect of this stress (Ulusu et al., 2022; Orejuela-Romero  et al., 2023 and Al-Rubaie and Al-Jubouri, 2023) Water stress stimulates oxidative stress, leading to an increase in free radicals such as super oxides (O-2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). These radicals are known as reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing adverse effects on membrane lipids, proteins, DNA and RNA, resulting in membrane damage, disturbance in cellular metabolic processes and a decrease in chlorophyll content (Abu Jadallah, 2018; Dhahi and Baktash, 2018 and Chowdary et al., 2021).
       
Suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants occurs through various mechanisms, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes. The enzymatic mechanism for inhibit ROS in plants includes enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and peroxidase (POD). These enzymes remove the toxicity of free radicals and high regulation of their activity is necessary to keep free radicals under control (Al-Fadhly et al., 2019; El-Fahdawi et al., 2020; Rudenko et al., 2023; Riwad and Alag, 2023). Furthermore, plant exposure to water stress contributes to an increase the proline content, acting as a protective measure against these conditions. The reason for the increase in the proline content is attributed to its limited involvement in protein formation on the one hand, or from the increase in protein catabolism and its conversion into amino acids, including proline acid. On the other hand, water deficit increased the activity of the enzyme Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Reeducates (P5CR), which reduces Pyrroline-5-Carboxyleic acid (P5C) to proline acid (Mahmood et al., 2019; Mahmood et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2022 and Juma et al., 2024).
       
The increase in abscisic acid (ABA) concentration is due to a direct relationship between leaf ABA content and water deficiency as confirmed by Al-Fatlwai (2013); Cao et al., (2020) and Hwaidi (2023), who indicated that abscisic acid is a plant hormone formed in response to various environmental stresses and acts to close plant stomata as an indicator of increased external stresses, especially drought on the plant. Silicon role in alleviating drought stress, enhancing plant growth and development, increasing photosynthesis activity, reducing transpiration, as well as improving plant growth, water and nutrients absorption, carbon metabolism and stomata regulation (Mahmood et al., 2020 and Rawaa and Wafaa, 2024). Additionally, silicon contributes to improving scavenging process and getting rid of free radicals by regulating the effectiveness of antioxidant enzymes (Cooke and Carey, 2023; Vieira-Filho and Monteiro, 2022; Mir et al., 2022; Irfan et al., 2023 and Ahmed and Al-Tameemi, 2023).
       
The results also showed the role of spraying with abscisic acid in resisting water stress through its role in increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase and catalase, reducing the transpiration rate through partial stomata closure, increasing root growth rate and thereby maintaining plant water content, These mechanisms contributes to reducing the effect of water stress, enhancing seed yield and improving water use efficiency (Aslam et al., 2022; Li et al., 2022; Jiang et al., 2022 and Al-Mashhadany  and Al-Amery, 2023).

CONCLUSION

The beneficial effects of silicon and abscisic acid Spray on growth, yield and quality of sunflower under different Irrigation Periods in calcareous soil. Irrigation every 2 days significantly enhanced physiological parameters and seed yield. The highest concentrations of silicon 4 mg L-1 and abscisic acid at 1 mg L-1 resulted in superior peroxidase and catalase activities, abscisic acid and proline in the leaves, increased silicon and improved seed yield.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are thankful to the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences for the research facility.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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