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Development Strategy for the Climate Village Program  in Palopo City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Syafrillah1, K. Mustari2, E.B. Demmalino1,*
1Department of Environmental Management, Graduate School of Universitas Hasanuddin. Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan KM 10, Makassar 90245 , South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
2Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University. South Sulawesi-90245, Indonesia.

ABSTRACT

Background: The Climate Village Program (CVP) is a national program managed by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in order to involve the community and other stakeholders in strengthening adaptation and mitigation capacity for climate change and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, studies on CVP development strategies are still lacking in South Sulawesi. For this reason, this research aims to identify the programs of the climate village and formulate climate village development strategies in the Latuppa sub-district, Palopo City.

Methods: Data analysis will be performed utilizing SWOT analysis and Process Hierarchy Analysis to define strategic initiatives for developing the Latuppa climate village program.

Result: The results of this research show that the people of Latuppa subdistrict, Palopo City support the CVP through adaptation activities such as controlling drought, floods and landslides and increasing food security, controlling climate disease. Meanwhile, mitigation activities carried out by the Latuppa sub-district community, Palopo City include waste and solid waste management, use of new, renewable energy and energy conservation, agricultural cultivation, increasing vegetation cover and preventing forest and land fires. The role of various stakeholders, such as the community, traditional leaders, academics and government, is critical in the process of developing the CVP particularly in adaptation and mitigation efforts, to ensure the success of the program.

INTRODUCTION

Environmental issues are a reflection of society regarding environmental damage or pollution due to development and human activities (Arifah et al., 2021; Escarcha et al., 2020). Environmental problems that occur as a result of human activities are driving the acceleration of the phenomenon of climate change on this earth (Ashkra et al., 2023; Siddharam et al., 2022). Climate change is generally defined as a condition where the climate on earth is experiencing a process of changes in air temperature which becomes hotter over time, changes in rainy periods, frequent storms (IPCC, 2021; Tran et al., 2021). Indonesia is one of the countries that participates in reducing GHG emissions as agreed in the Kyoto Protocol by creating a Climate Village Program (CVP) which is abbreviated as ProKlim (GIZ and UNDP, 2019; Nurhasanah and Saeful Akbar, 2022).
       
ProKlim is an adaptation and mitigation effort to climate change based on community empowerment. The CVP consists of adaptation and mitigation activities carried out by the community to deal with or prevent the impacts of climate change (Rusdi et al., 2022). The CVP can be developed and implemented in areas at a minimum of hamlet and a maximum of village level (Minister of the Environment Regulation No. 19 of 2012).
       
The CVP aims to strengthen partnerships between various stakeholders in dealing with climate change and facilitate the dissemination and exchange of information regarding best practices for climate change adaptation and mitigation (Bhargabi and Sujoy, 2017; Nurpeni et al., 2022). Apart from that, the CVP can increase people’s understanding of climate change and its impacts, resulting in changes in people's lifestyles that are resistant to the risks of climate change and have low carbon emissions that are tailored to the priorities, needs, understanding and capacity of people in the local area (Taqiyah and Fajriyanto, 2021). The various activities of communities receiving ProKlim awards show that climate change adaptation and mitigation actions are not something new and difficult to carry out. Innovations in sustainable management of natural resources and the environment can be directed at responding to society¢s challenges with the issue of climate change (CCAFS, 2017; Sanogo et al., 2020).
       
The Climate Village Program is also a means of non-formal education with aim to preserve the surrounding environment. Based on Law No. 20 Article 26 of 2003 concerning the National Education System, non-formal education is provided for community members who need educational services that function as a substitute, addition and complement to formal education in order to support lifelong education (Barooah et al., 2023). Therefore, the Climate Village Program was very effectively developed considering that the entire subject of program implementation was the community (Adesipo et al., 2020).

There are many previous studies that analyze the implementation of ProKlim in Indonesia, including the independence of climate village communities (Hasanah and Setyowati, 2022), Proklim activities in Gayo district (Marlina et al., 2021), community empowerment in climate villages in Tangerang (Taqiyah and Fajriyanto, 2021). However, studies regarding the ProKlim development strategy are still lacking, so research is needed regarding the development strategy for implementing ProKlim in South Sulawesi. It is intended that by analyzing the climate village program development plan, the adaptation and mitigation strategies employed by Proklim at the research site will become a pilot project that may be adopted in other locations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This research was conducted in April 2023 - June 2023, in the Latuppa Village, Palopo City, South Sulawesi-Indonesia. This research was carried out in the form of a survey using quantitative descriptive analysis methods (Cresswell, 2014). Data and information collection is carried out by:
a) Observation techniques include various things related to observing certain field conditions.
b) Questionnaire/Interview technique is a form of structured questions given to respondents according to the research problem.
c) Literature study is a data collection technique by studying and reading literature related to the research object.
       
The data used is primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through field surveys in the research area and in-depth interviews with the community around Latuppa Village and related parties. Meanwhile, secondary data was obtained from the related institutions including the Central Statistics Agency and the Environmental Services.
Data analysis is carried out 3 stages, namely:
 
a) SWOT analysis
 
To formulate strategic steps for developing the Latuppa Village climate village program, data analysis will be carried out using SWOT analysis.
 
b) Focus group discussion (FGD)
 
This Focus Group Discussion aims to ground the strategy that has been created, re-evaluate what has been created by the researcher, equalize perceptions in formulating the strategy and involve informants in formulating the strategy so that they feel they own the strategy.
 
c) Process hierarchy analysis (PHA)
 
Process Hierarchy Analysis (PHA) is a decision support model developed by Thomas L. Saaty. This decision support model will describe complex multi-factor or multi-criteria problems into a hierarchy, according to Saaty, (2008), hierarchy is defined as a representation of a complex problem in a multi-level structure where the first level is the goal, followed by the factor level, criteria , sub criteria and so on down to the last level of alternatives. With hierarchy, a complex problem can be broken down into groups which are then arranged into a form of hierarchy so that the problem will appear more structured and systematic.
       
In particular, PHA is suitable for use in decision-making processes that involve the comparison of decision elements that are difficult to assess quantitatively. This is based on the assumption that the natural human reaction when faced with complex decision making is to group the decision elements according to their general characteristics. This grouping includes a hierarchy (ranking) of decision elements and then a comparison between each pair in each group as a matrix, the standard acceptable inconsistency value in PHA is 0.25.
       
The results of this hierarchical process analysis are the final results of a series of research in determining Proklim development strategies in the research location. The Development Strategy will prioritize 4 aspects, namely: 1. Socialization Aspect, 2. Mitigation Aspect, 3. Adaptation Aspect and 4. Participation Aspect.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Adaptation and mitigation strategy
 
The community makes a variety of initiatives to address the effects of climate change, including both adaptation and mitigation efforts (Terefe, 2023). Table 1 shows the activities of residents in carrying out adaptation activities such as controlling drought, floods and landslides. Increasing food security and controlling climate disease.
 

Table 1: Adaptation Strategy.


 
From the results of interviews and observations, it is known that there are several climate-related problems faced by the community, including natural disasters, crop failure and climate-related diseases. For this reason, they carry out climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts by referring to Proklim guidelines. For adaptation efforts related to controlling drought, floods and landslides, they carry out activities including planting bamboo trees on the banks of the Latuppa River, building rain-fed wells and organic waste bins in residents’ homes. In line with the Ndamani and Watanabe, (2015), the community also implemented adaptation strategies by raising building/house structures and constructing dams, flood embankments and flood control systems.
       
Climate change poses an increasing threat to the food system by impacting food security. One of the strategies implemented in the climate village program is crop diversification. The same strategy has been implemented by Ethiopian society to strengthen farmers’ food security against climate change through diversification of homegarden crops which has the potential to protect small farmers from food insecurity, contribute to food diversification increase agricultural income (Teklewold et al., 2019). In addition, appropriate strategies for using modern seed technology are needed to increase plant productivity (Arifah et al., 2022).
       
Table 2 shows the mitigation activities carried out by residents in Latuppa sub-district, such as: waste and solid waste management, use of new and renewable energy and energy conservation, agricultural cultivation, increasing vegetation cover and preventing forest and land fires. The community implements several activities as an effort to mitigate the impacts of climate change, including waste processing at the household level. This is in line with the community based waste management program in Jambi as one of the community’s mitigation efforts (Herdiansyah, 2021). In agricultural cultivation, society reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and replace them with organic fertilizers and pesticides (Kome et al., 2018).
 

Table 2: Mitigation strategy.


       
Other mitigation efforts that can be carried out by the community and have been implemented by Latuppa residents are energy efficiency by using energy-saving lamps at home and using solar-powered lamps on the side of the road (Herdiansyah, 2021).
 
Development strategy
 
· SWOT Analysis
 
An analysis of the obstacles (internally and externally) related to the development of the Climate Village Program (Proklim) in the Latuppa sub-district was prepared based on data obtained from survey results and observations in the field, both in the form of primary data and secondary data. SWOT analysis includes strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats, where this method shows performance results by determining a combination of internal and external factors.
 
Internal factor analysis
 
Several internal environmental factors that influence the development of the climate village program (Proklim) in Latuppa Village are strengths and weaknesses. The strength factors (Strengths) are community participation in the climate village program (Proklim), direct sub-district government support, the strategic geographical location of Latuppa sub-district and the high awareness of the Latuppa sub-district community to protect the surrounding environment. Meanwhile, the weakness factors are the lack of socialization regarding the climate village program (Proklim), inadequate facilities and infrastructure, inadequate human resources and a minimal budget for developing the climate village program.
 
Analysis of external factors
 
There are several external factors that influence the development of climate villages (Proklim) in Latuppa sub-district, namely opportunities and weaknesses. The influential opportunity factor is the policy of the Palopo city government in developing the climate village program (Proklim), the knowledge and insight of the Latuppa subdistrict community regarding the environment will increase, as a pilot area for the climate village program in Palopo city and as an agrotourism area in Palopo city. Meanwhile, the influencing threat factors are that coordination between sectors is still weak, the pattern of the rainy and dry seasons is uncertain, as well as the use of chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides in agricultural and plantation activities.
       
The SWOT analysis is an initial draft that serves as a reference for the strategy for developing a CVP (Proklim) which was carried out through focus group discussions (FGD) (Table 3) with a number of stakeholders including farmer groups, RT/RW heads, community leaders, youth leaders, village heads. Latuppa, the Palopo City Environmental Service, which then obtained a number of obstacles and improvements to the development strategy for climate villages (Proklim) such as using household waste to make organic fertilizer, improving village infrastructure as well as assistance and knowledge about potential processing in Latuppa district so that it has added value.
 

Table 3: SWOT analysis of the CVP.


       
Organizational and community development is an aspect that needs to be considered in strengthening climate program development. Village communities cannot work alone without receiving support from all parties, including the government, private sector, community and universities. Through partnerships and cooperation, it will strengthen the delivery of services in the fields of government, development and empowerment to communities at the village level (Bayala et al., 2016; Nurpeni et al., 2022).
 
· Process hierarchy analysis (PHA)
 
Process hierarchy analysis (AHP) was carried out to obtain problem solving using AHP software, namely Expert Choice 11, on several respondents (Fig 1), namely farmer groups, community leaders, youth leaders, Latuppa village head and the Palopo city environmental service. Based on the results of the PHA synthesis for the development strategy for the climate village program (Proklim), it shows that the main strategies needed by the community are training in the use of agricultural products 0.142, improving agricultural road access 0.128, creating demonstration gardens 0.126.
 

Fig 1: Process Hierarchy Analysis of the CVP.


 
In the process of establishing a climate village program, several interventions and strategies are required, covering the complete range of environmental management that address specific aspects of the agricultural ecosystem, such as knowledge-smart interventions, input-smart interventions and community-smart interventions (Singh et al., 2021).

CONCLUSION

The Climate Village Program creates community enthusiasm and commitment in finding solutions to the problems and obstacles faced related to the impacts of climate change. However, the success of this program requires the involvement of various institutional and organizational elements. Failure to consider any of these factors will hinder the progress of the program.
       
This includes the involvement of women’s organizations, youth and traditional and religious leaders as well as a lack of synergy between projects and programs. Involving local communities in problem identification, planning stages and governance of sustainable land management must be the basis of all strategic interventions for adapting and mitigating the impacts of climate change. Strengthening community capacity through farmer-to-farmer exchanges, farmer field schools and specialized training that encourages implementation of best practices on a wide scale.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

All authors declare that they no conflict of interest.

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