Agricultural Science Digest

  • Chief EditorArvind kumar

  • Print ISSN 0253-150X

  • Online ISSN 0976-0547

  • NAAS Rating 5.52

  • SJR 0.156

Frequency :
Bi-monthly (February, April, June, August, October and December)
Indexing Services :
BIOSIS Preview, Biological Abstracts, Elsevier (Scopus and Embase), AGRICOLA, Google Scholar, CrossRef, CAB Abstracting Journals, Chemical Abstracts, Indian Science Abstracts, EBSCO Indexing Services, Index Copernicus
Submit

Full Research Article

Agricultural Science Digest, volume 44 issue 5 (october 2024) : 892-897

Determination of Lethal Dose 50 for Induced Mutagenesis in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril] cv. Gepak Kuning Through Ethyl Methane Sulfonate Mutagen

Nilahayati1,*, Rd. Selvy Handayani1, Nazimah1, Muhammad Sani Alfikri Harahap1, Gusti Irawan1, Rosmaina2
1Department of Agroecotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Malikussaleh, Jl. Cot Tgk. Ni Reuleut Timu, Aceh Utara, 24355, Indonesia.
2Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau. Jl. Soebrantas No. 155, Simpangbaru, Panam, Pekanbaru 28295, Riau, Indonesia.
Cite article:- Nilahayati, Handayani Selvy Rd., Nazimah, Harahap Alfikri Sani Muhammad, Irawan Gusti, Rosmaina (2024). Determination of Lethal Dose 50 for Induced Mutagenesis in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril] cv. Gepak Kuning Through Ethyl Methane Sulfonate Mutagen . Agricultural Science Digest. 44(5): 892-897. doi: 10.18805/ag.DF-544.

ABSTRACT

Background: The improvement of the genetic and agronomic properties of cultivated plants can be carried out by various plant breeding methods, including mutation breeding. Mutations in nature are very few and rare. Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) is a chemical mutagen that can cause random mutations resulting in changes in genetic material. This study aims to determine the effect of EMS on the germination of soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning) seeds.

Methods: The research was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture Laboratory, Universitas Malikussaleh, Indonesia, in January 2023. The concentrations of EMS used were 0%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% with a soaking time of 4 hours. EMS concentration of 0% was used as a control treatment. The observed variables were made as percentage of germination (%) and seedling height at 7th day and 14th day after planting.

Result: The results showed that an increase in EMS concentration affected the percentage of germination of soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning) sprouts. A decrease in the percentage of germination was found at an EMS concentration of 0.5%, while a decrease in seedling height had begun to be seen at an EMS concentration of 0.25%. The results of the analysis with CurveExpert 1.4 software showed that the LD50 value of the seeds of soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning) treated with EMS mutagen was at a concentration of 0.63%, the LD20 dan LD30 value was at a concentration of 0.25% and 0.41%, respectively.

INTRODUCTION

Increasing genetic diversity is a crucial step in the effort to develop new superior varieties of cultivated plants. The mutation breeding method is believed to be very effective for obtaining genetic diversity in a short time and a fast way to produce variations to develop new varieties. Van Harten (1998) states that mutation breeding can increase the desired traits that are not present in the germplasm of a species and can also cause diversity in existing varieties.
       
Mutation induction can be applied to obtain new variations to improve the genetic properties of plants. Improvement of the genetic properties of a plant can be done by conventional or artificial mutation. Artificial mutations usually use a mutagen. There are two types of mutagens, namely physical and chemical mutagens. The commonly used physical mutagens are gamma rays which have been successful in inducing genetic changes in various cultivated plants (Nilahayati et al., 2019; Nilahayati et al., 2022; Nilahayati et al., 2022; Hanafiah et al., 2016; Horn et al., 2016; Geetha et al., 2021). The chemical mutagens commonly used to induce plant genetic diversity are ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS), diethyl sulfate (DES), methyl methane sulfonate (MMS), hydroxylamine, sodium azide and so on. These compounds cause point mutations. Other compounds such as colchicine, oryzalin and caffeine cause chromosomal mutations, namely an increase in chromosome sets.
       
EMS mutagens have been believed and proven to be effective in causing point mutations in various plants. In addition, the price is also cheap and easy to obtain when compared with other chemical compounds. According to Russell (1992), Ethyl methane sulfonate is a chemical compound that can cause mutations at the DNA level by changing DNA bases. EMS has the chemical formula C3H8SO3. Sambrook and Russell (2001) added that the EMS mutagen is one of the chemicals mutagens included in the group of alkylating agents that can cause point mutations. Point mutations occur in a base which can be insertions, deletions, transversions, or base transitions. Insertions and deletions of one or more bases can cause a change in the reading order thereby changing the order of the amino acids. Transitions and transversions lead to changes in the expression of amino acids.
       
EMS alters the DNA structure directly by alkylating guanine bases (G), causing mispairing with thiamine (T) instead of cytosine (C), resulting in transition from G/C to A/T. The ease of application to seeds and its detoxification through hydrolysis for disposal make EMS a recommendable mutagen for improving genetic diversity in crop (Serrat et al., 2014). In addition, EMS increase point mutations compared to physical mutagen such as gamma radiation (Van Harten, 1998).
       
EMS is the most widely used chemical mutagen to induce genetic diversity in cultivated plants. The use of EMS to induce mutations in plants has been carried out by many previous researchers including in barley (Sharamo et al., 2021), chili (Arisha et al., 2015), marigold (Lenawaty et al., 2022), tepary bean (Thangwana et al., 2021) and soybean (Sagel et al., 2017; (Espina et al., 2018). Their results showed that the genetic variability induced by mutagenesis using EMS provides more opportunities to improve desired traits in plants.
       
LD50 determination is a very important step in inducing mutations. LD50 indicates the dose of mutation that results in 50% decrease in seed germination after the seed is treated with EMS for a certain time (Mba et al., 2010). Determination of LD50 value for any mutagen is essential to produce maximum  viable mutants with minimum damage to the plant. Mba et al., (2010) stated, concentration of mutagen is the most critical factor with the results of assays depending to a great extent on the use of optimal concentrations of the mutagen. As a rule, an increase in the concentration of EMS, for instance, normally results in more mutation events, but these are accompanied by a corresponding greater amount of injury to seedlings and lethality.
       
Each plant genotype has a specific LD50 value as a result of EMS mutagen treatment. Previous studies reported that LD50 of barley was 0.64% v/v (Sharamo et al., 2021),  LD50 of chickpeas was EMS 30 mM (Umavathi and Mullainathan, 2015), fenugreek was 0.4% of EMS (Kavina et al., 2020) and the LD50 for soybeans (cv. CO1 and CO2) were 26.40 mM and 25.70 mM respectively (Rajendran and Laksmi, 2017).
       
Mutation induction of soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning) has been carried out by previous researchers using gamma-ray irradiation. However, the radiosensitivity is the lowest or the least sensitive to gamma-ray irradiation compared to other soybean varieties (Indriani et al., 2012). Mutation breeding using EMS on soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning) has never been done by previous researchers. Therefore, this early-stage research was carried out to determine the effect of several concentrations of EMS on the germination of soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning). The LD50 value found at this research will be used as a reference for determining EMS concentrations which will be used for induction of genetic diversity in the M1 generation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The dry and dormant seeds of soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning) were treated with EMS treatments and were used in the present study. The study was carried out in Agriculture Faculty Laboratory, Universitas Malikussaleh, Indonesia, in January 2023. The chemical-mutagens used were Ethyl Methane Sulfonate [EMS (CH3OSO2 C2H5]. The chemical was obtained from HI-MEDIA laboratories, Mumbai, having a half-life period of 30 hours with a molecular weight of 124.16 and density of 1.20. EMS concentrations used were 0%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5% and 1% with 4 hours of immersion time. EMS 0% concentration was used as a control treatment. Each treatment consisted of 30 of soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning) seeds, so that the total number of seeds was 210 seeds.
       
The germination planting medium is soil and manure with a ratio of 1:1. The seeds that have been planted are watered every day to keep the soil moist. Seeds were planted in germination medium and the percentage of viability was evaluated two weeks after planting. The observed variables were made as percentage of germination (%) at 7th day and 14th day after planting. The seedling height (cm) is measured from the base of the stem to the tip of the seed. Seedling height measurements were carried out at 7th day and 14th day after planting.
       
Percentage of germination data is used to determine the lethal Dose 50 (LD50) value which is analyzed using the Curve-fit Analysis program. This program is a program to determine the best equation model for the percentage of germination of a population. The lethal dose (LD50) was estimated using a linear regression model as follows:
 
y = a + b
 
y = Dependent variable (i.e., germination percentage)
x = Independent variable (EMS concentration) 
a and b = Constant and slope, respectively.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results showed that there was a decrease in the percentage of germination of soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning) seeds due to the treatment of various EMS mutagen concentrations. The percentage of germination was seen decrease at a concentration of 0.5%, but at the highest concentration, namely 1% EMS, it did not show any growth at all. The average germination of soybean seeds of the soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning) due to various EMS concentrations can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1: The percentage of germination due to various consentration of EMS in soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning) seed.


       
The reduction in germination of seeds due to EMS mutagen treatment has been widely reported by previous researchers, including pepper (Arisha et al., 2015), peanut (Chen et al., 2020), cowpea (Opoku Gyamfi et al., 2022), rice (Talebi et al., 2012) and soybean (Sagel et al., 2017), (Kalpande et al., 2020). The reduction in germination may be due to the seeds absorbing the mutagen, which subsequently reaches the meristem region and affects the germ cell (Serrat et al., 2014). Also, a reduction in germination may be because of the damage of cell constituents (Kumar and Pandey, 2019), alteration of enzyme activity or delay or inhibition of physiological and biological processes (Talebi et al., 2012). A reduced germination percentage could be attributed to disturbances of seed meristematic tissue at cellular level resulting in chromosome damage, disrupting growth promoters due to increased accumulation of growth inhibitors (Jayakumar and Selvaraj, 2003).
       
EMS mutagen treatment on soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning) seeds also caused a decrease in seedling height. Fig 1 shows that at an EMS concentration of 0.05% there was stimulation of the seedling height, but starting at a concentration of 0.25% there was suppression of the seedling height of soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning). The response of soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning) to EMS concentrations of 0.01% to 1% showed a quadratic response. The graph between EMS concentration and the seedling height of soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning) can be seen in Fig 2.

Fig 1: The seedling height of soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning) due to EMS treatment at 7th day and 14th day after planting.



Fig 2: Graph of EMS concentration (%) on the seedling height (cm) of soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning).


       
In previous research, (Hossain et al., 2021) also found that rice plant height was significantly increased at lower concentration of EMS (1 and 2%) with a 6-12 hours treatment duration compared to the control plant. But when this concentration was increased, plant height was decreased compared to control as well as low concentration treated plant. Talebi et al., (2012) added, EMS-induced mutagenesis imposed significant impact on the seedling height of rice cv. MR219. The maximum reduction in seedling height was observed when rice MR219 was treated with a concentration of 0.25%.
       
For artificially induced mutations either with physical or chemical mutagens, LD50 is considered to be an ideal level to achieving high frequency of mutations (Anbarasan et al., 2013). The LD50 of the mutagen is useful for determining an optimal dose for mutation induction. The LD50 was calculated using seed germination percentage at different doses of EMS. The best curve for soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning) is describe through a quadratic curve based on the results of the analysis using Curve Expert 1.4 (Fig 3).

Fig 3: The effect ethyl methane sulphonate on percent germination and fitted straight lines to estimate the LD50 in soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning) that were treated with varying concentration of ethyl methane sulphonate.


       
This study showed that the LD50 of soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning) treated with EMS mutagen was found at a concentration of 0.63%, the LD20 value was at a concentration of 0.25% and the LD30 value was at 0.41%. The regression equation obtained is
 
Y(x) = 86.87-80.22x-79.36x2 
 
Y(x) = Logarithm of the overall germination growth rate.
x = Concentration of EMS.
a, b, c = Regression parameters.
       
The LD50 differs for each type of plant depending on the stage of plant growth and development and the plant parts treated with EMS mutagen. The EMS concentration range below LD50 was used to induce plant diversity and the desired character in future studies.
       
The LD50 dose range is useful for estimating the appropriate dose or concentration to induce mutations. The EMS mutagen treatment was carried out at a dose range of 50% with the consideration that the physiological damage was balanced by the genetic changes obtained. Selvaraj et al., (2014) stated, optimum dose is the dose that causes maximum mutation with minimum damage to the plant. Furthermore, Van Harten, (1998) added, the EMS concentration range used to induce variability was below the LD50 dose, ranging between LD20 and LD30. In this study, we found that LD20 dose was obtained at a concentration of 0.25% and LD30 was found at a concentration of 0.41%.
       
Kavina et al., (2020) have reported the results of a study on the determination of the LD50 of the EMS mutagen in Fenugreek. Seeds without EMS treatment showed a germination percentage of 100%. Germination percentage decreased with increasing EMS concentration. EMS-treated Fenugreek showed reduced germination percentage at higher concentrations. The lowest germination percentage (2.1%) was found at a concentration of 1% at 7th days germination observation. Based on the germination data, the LD50 value of Fenugreek was obtained at a concentration of 0.4% EMS.
       
The LD50 value in the results of this study is almost the same as the results of previous studies. Arisha et al., (2015) studied LD50 some pepper cultivar and found that 0.6% (v/v) EMS was the concentration that produced about 50% lethality. Sharamo et al., (2021) also found a decreasing trend due to increasing doses and soaking time with EMS on barley. The LD50 value of 0.64% (v/v) EMS dosage was identified as an optimal dose for large-scale mutagenesis protocol to select barley mutants with high biomass yield.
       
The LD50 in the present study is much lower than LD50 of tepary bean. (Thangwana et al., 2021) reported LD50 tepary bean of 3.37%, 2.68% and 2. 26% v/v EMS for genotype 3, 4 and 6, respectively. In addition, there were high coefficients of determination for each of the linear functions (>75%) suggesting that there was a notable association between the reduction in seed germination and the concentration of the mutagen. These values are much higher than reported in the present study attributed to differences in genotypes and crop species used during mutagenesis.
       
The mutagenesis protocol will be useful to develop recessive and point mutations to aid selection of best individuals involving the M2-M5 mutant families with high yield production in soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning). The present study determined the optimum treatment condition for inducing genetic variation in soybean cv. Gepak Kuning. These results revealed that EMS dosage of 0.63% v/v of EMS can be used to increase genetic variability for key traits in soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning).

CONCLUSION

The increase in EMS concentration affected the percentage of germination and seedling height of soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning). Increasing the EMS concentration from 0.25% to 1% affected and reduced the seedling growth of soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning). The result of EMS mutagen sensitivity test on soybean (cv. Gepak Kuning) obtained an LD50 value at an EMS concentration of 0.63%.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This research was funded by Universitas Malikussaleh in accordance with Decree Number 572/UN45/KPT/2023, Juli 13, 2023  and Agreement/Contract Number 75/PPK-2/SWK-II/AL.04/2023.
 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

REFERENCES


  1. Anbarasan, K., Sivalingam, D., Rajendran, R., Anbazhagan, M., Chidambaram, A.I.A. (2013) Studies on the mutagenic effect of EMS on seed germination and seedling characters of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Var.T MV3. Int. J. Res Biol Sci. 3: 68-70.

  2. Arisha, M. H., Shah, S. N. M., Gong, Z. H., Jing, H., Li, C. and Zhang, H. X. (2015). Ethyl methane sulfonate induced mutations in M2 generation and physiological variations in M1 generation of peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). Frontiers in Plant Science. 6: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00399.

  3. Chen, T., Huang, L., Wang, M., Huang, Y., Zeng, R., Wang, X., Wang, L., Wan, S. and Zhang, L. (2020). Ethyl methyl sulfonate- induced mutagenesis and its effects on peanut agronomic, yield and quality traits. Agronomy. 10(5): 1-13. https:// doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050655.

  4. Espina, M. J., Ahmed, C. M. S., Bernardini, A., Adeleke, E., Yadegari, Z., Arelli, P., Pantalone, V. and Taheri, A. (2018). Development and phenotypic screening of an ethyl methane sulfonate mutant population in soybean. Frontiers in Plant Science. 9:1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00394.

  5. Geetha, K., Divya, S. and Srividya, S. (2021). Studies on effect of mutagens on quantitative characters in M2 and M3 generation of Horsegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc]. Legume Research - An International Journal. 47(2): 176-182. doi: 10.18805/LR-4608.

  6. Hanafiah, D.S., Luthfi, A.M. and Dinulia Pu, M. (2016). Effect of Gamma Rays Irradiation on M1 Generation of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). International Journal of Agricultural Research. 12(1): 28-35. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijar. 2017.28.35.

  7. Horn, L.N., Ghebrehiwot, H.M. and Shimelis, H.A. (2016). Selection of novel cowpea genotypes derived through gamma irradiation. Frontiers in Plant Science. 7: 1-13. https:// doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00262.

  8. Hossain, M., Khatun, R., Akhter Ban, N. and Nazmul Hud, A.K.M. (2021). Mutagenic effects of ethyl methanesulfonate on morpho-physiological traits of local rice (Oryza sativa L.). International Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics. 15(1):7-13. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijpbg.2021.7.13.

  9. Indriani, F.C., Kuswantoro, H., Hapsari, R.T. and Supeno, A. (2012). Radiosensitivity of some soybean varieties to gamma irradiation. In Prosiding Seminar Hasil Penelitian Tanaman Aneka Kacang dan Umbi  Malang: Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian.(pp. 97-104).

  10. Jayakumar, S., Selvaraj, R. (2003). Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of gamma rays and ethyl methane sulphonate in sunflower. Madras Agric J. 90: 574-576.

  11. Kalpande, H. V., Borgaonkar, S. B. and Chavan, S. K. (2020). Mutagenic induction of yield contributing traits in of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] with Gamma Irradiation and EMS. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 9(6): 3057-3063. https://doi.org/10.20546/ ijcmas.2020.906.367.

  12. Kavina, Pg. J., Ranjith, V. and Sathya, B. (2020). Effect of EMS on chlorophyll mutagen in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum L.). Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. 8(2): 01-05. www.plantsjournal.com

  13. Kumar, G. and Pandey, A. (2019). Ethyl methane sulphonate induced changes in cyto-morphological and biochemical aspects of (Coriandrum sativum L.). Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. 18(4): 469-475. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jssas.2018.03.003.

  14. Lenawaty, D.Y., Sukma, D., Syukur, M., Suprapta, D.N., Nurcholis, W. and Aisyah, S.I. (2022). Increasing the diversity of marigold (Tagetes sp.) by acute and chronic chemical induced mutation of EMS (Ethyl Methane Sulfonate). Biodiversitas. 23(3):1399-1407. https://doi.org/10.13057/ biodiv/d230326.

  15. Mba, C., Afza, R., Bado, S. and Jain, S.M. (2010). Induced Mutagenesis in plants using physical and chemical agents. Plant Cell Culture: Essential Methods. 8:111-130. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/9780470686522.ch7.

  16. Nilahayati, Rosmayati, Hanafiah, D.S, Harahap, F. (2019) The genotype selection of M3 generation of Kipas Putih soybean with gamma-rays irradiation on agronomic characters, early maturity and high yielding mutants. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 25(1): 97-102.

  17. Nilahayati, N., Nazimah, N., Handayani, R.S., Syahputra, J. and Rizky, M. (2022). Agronomic diversity of several soybean putative mutant lines resulting from gamma-rays irradiation in M6 generation. Nusantara Bioscience. 14(1): 34-39. https://doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n140104.

  18. Nilahayati, Rosnina and Syahputra, J. (2022). RAPD analysis for genetic variability of soybean mutant resulting from gamma rays irradiation in M6 generation. Agricultural Science Digest. 42(6): 723-728. https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.DF-441.

  19. Opoku Gyamfi, M., Eleblu, J. S. Y., Sarfoa, L. G., Asante, I. K., Opoku -Agyemang, F. and Danquah, E. Y. (2022). Induced variations of ethyl methane sulfonate mutagenized cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] plants. Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.952247.

  20. Rajendran, K. and Laksmi, B.S. (2017). Fixation on lethal dose 50 and the performane of M1 population in two soybean varieties. Legume Research. 30(1): 49-52.

  21. Russell, P.J. (1992). Genetics. Third edition. Harper Collins Pub. New York. 758 P.

  22. Sagel, Z., Tutluer, M. Ý., PeskÝrcÝoglu, H., Kantoglu, Y. and Kunter, B. (2017). Determination of effect of chemical mutagen EMS on TAEK A-3 and TAEK C-10 mutant soybean varieties in M1 generation. EKIN, Journal of Crop Breeding and Genetics. 3(1): 19-24. 

  23. Selvaraj, R., Pillai, A. and Ushakumar, R. (2014). Determination of lethal dose and effect of ehyl methane sulphonate in rice varieties. Trends in Biosciences. 7(11): 1151-1156.

  24. Sambrook, J. and Russell, D.W. (2001). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Eds. 3. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. New York.

  25. Serrat, X., Esteban, R., Guibourt, N., Moysset, L., Nogués, S. and Lalanne, E. (2014). EMS mutagenesis in mature seed- derived rice calli as a new method for rapidly obtaining TILLING mutant populations. Plant Methods. 10(1): 1- 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4811-10-5.

  26. Sharamo, F. F., Shimelis, H., OlaOlorun, B. M. O., Korir, H., Indetie, A. H. and Mashilo, J. (2021). Determining ethyl methane sulfonate-mediated (EMS) mutagenesis protocol for inducing high biomass yield in fodder barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Australian Journal of Crop Science. 15(7): 983-989. https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.21.15.07.p2877.

  27. Talebi, A. B., Talebi, A. B. and Shahrokhifar, B. (2012). Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS) Induced Mutagenesis in Malaysian Rice (cv. MR219) for Lethal Dose Determination. American Journal of Plant Sciences. 03(12), 1661-1665. https:// doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2012.312202.

  28. Thangwana, A., Gwata, E. T. and Zhou, M. M. (2021). Impact of chemical mutagenesis using ethyl methane sulphonate on tepary bean seedling vigour and adult plant performance. Heliyon. 7(1): e06103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon. 2021.e06103.

  29. Umavathi, S. and Mullainathan, L. (2015). Physical and chemical induced mutagenesis study for identifying lethality dose in chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.) Var. Co - 4. International Letters of Natural Sciences. 35: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.18052/ www.scipress.com/ilns.35.1

  30. Van Harten, A. M. (1998). Mutation Breeding: Theory and Practical Applications (Vol. 1). Cambridge University Press.
Reviewed By

Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Editorial Board

    View all (0)