In comparison to the initial body weights, there was an overall increase in final body weight across all treatment groups, the final body weight of group C rats showed insignificant decrease when the experiment was concluded compared to the corresponding group of control animals. Compared to the initial body weights, the treatment groups’ final body weights generally increased (Table 2).
The sperm counts revealed a significant differences between group A and Control (p<0.05) (**), group B and control (p<0.05) (**), group C and control (p<0.05) (**) and group D and control (p<0.05) (***). When group A was compared to group E, the motility significantly increased (p<0.05) (Table 2). An increase in abnormal morphology between group D and group E (control) (p<0.05). There was no difference (p<0.005) in the normal morphology between the groups compared significantly (Table 3). There were also no significant difference statistically in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone and luteinizing hormone across the groups (Fig 1, 2 and 3). As tabulated in Table 4, a significant increase (p<0.05) was observed in group D mean glutathione concentration in testicular tissue compared to group E, it is significantly increase in group E (p<0.01) when compared with group C. Testicular tissue MDA showed high concentration that is statistically in group D when compared with group and there was no significant difference statistically in superoxide dismutase (SOD) (Table 4).
Herbal high is a new trend of drug abusers
(Graziano et al., 2017) in which plant or organic substances are used for recreation purposes. Most of the new plants used have been documented long ago since ancient times for religious rites and rituals (
Halberstein, 2005). Datura metel is a major plant used as herbal high. It is reported to constitute 0.83% of plant abused in Nigeria alone (
Kar and Spanjers, 2017). This data is rising has local observation reveals that university students engage more in their use, as it is not detected in routine drug test. The crude extract’s GCMS investigation showed it contains about 3% scopolamine (tropane alkaloid) which is a strong anticholinergic (
Menkovska, 2014). This is the primary compound responsible for the plant’s stimulatory qualities (
Matsuura and Fett-Nato, 2015). Anticholinergic poisoning manifests as the symptoms of accidental or deliberate intake
(Walker et al., 2014). Scopolamine from fruit extract is also a muscarinic agonist, this means that abusers of the plant are exposing themselves to scopolamine poisoning. The fruit and the flower of the plant is said to contain more alkaloids than the leaves and roots
(Jakabova et al., 2012). This is also showed from our observation as single extraction of the leaves with ethanol shows no presence of alkaloids on GCMS study
(Inusa et al., 2018).
This study showed that animals exposed to
Datura stramonium extract gained more weight but was less when compared to control, the animals’ food consumption changed; they consumed more than usual (
Adegoke and Alo, 2013).
Ademiluyi et al., (2016) reported similar increased in weight in animals exposed to
Datura fruit extract. Increased weight of animals exposed to
Datura stramonium in utero has also been documented
(Ademiluyi et al., 2016). Part the features of drug dependence is grazing appetite which can cause weight gain (
Davis, 2016). This shows that the plant shares features with psychoactive agent been abused.
The histology findings (Fig 4 - Fig 13) in this investigation demonstrated degenerative alterations marked by interstitial vacuolization, reduction in the luminal spermatozoa and devoid spermatozoa in cross sections of the seminiferous tubules of rats exposed to various concentration of
Datura stramonium extract. (50mg, 100mg, 200mg, 400mg for 21days). This is supported by several other previous reports on exposure to drug substances in animals involving cytotoxic chemicals
(Whitesell et al., 1992).
The results got agree with studies which previously reported that Datura effect on germinal cells leads to necrosis and disruption of spermatogenesis
(Osman et al., 2015).
Follicle stimulating hormone is a heterodimetric glycoprotein which acts on spermatogonia in male stimulates sperms’ production in sexually mature male. The action of FSH together with testosterone stimulates all the phases of spermatogenesis
(Kerr et al., 1992). A biologic marker for determining the functions of sertoli cell is thought to be FSH
(Kerr et al., 1992). In the study, there was an insignificant increase in FSH in group 1. In cases of infertility, level of FSH is used as aid to determine the reason for low sperm count. A high percentage of it could be caused by primary testicular failure, which may be the result of testicular damage
(Hu et al., 2013).
MDA is an oxidative stress marker that can be used to measure lipid peroxidation
(Tsiropoulou et al., 2016). In the current study, MDA level increased in 400 mg Datura extract group when it was compared with the control. This result is in accord once with the report of
Bagewadi et al., (2019) indicating an increase MDA level after treatment of herbal high (Datura).
SOD is an important antioxidant which plays critical role in the prevention of cellular damage from ROS
(Al-Snai et al., 2019). The lowest concentration of testicular SOD was found in group D (400 mg/kg), which signifies that the higher intake of
Datura stramonium causes cellular damage.