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Full Research Article

Effect of Phytobiotic Feed Additives- Garlic (Allium sativum), Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) as Alternatives to Antibiotic on Growth Performance and Economics in Broiler Chicken

H
Hemant Kumar Jediya1
M
Monika Joshi1,*
S
S.K. Sharma2
1Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Navania, Udaipur, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner-334 001, Rajasthan, India.
2Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Navania, Udaipur, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner-334 001, Rajasthan, India.

ABSTRACT

Background: Poultry production is a vital and rapidly growing sector, providing a significant source of animal protein to meet the nutritional needs of a growing population. The production of healthy and high-performing poultry is essential for the sustainability and profitability of this industry.

Methods: A feeding trial was conducted for 42 days at Veterinary College Navania, Udaipur in the year 2021. A total of 300, day-old broiler chicks (Cobb-400) were weighted and randomly distributed to ten treatment groups in a completely randomized design with three replicates of 10 birds under each treatment. The birds were fed as per feeding standard. The T1 i.e. control group was fed on basal diet, while T2 was supplemented with Oxytetracycline (OTC) powder @ 0.1 g/kg feed. T3 and T4 were supplemented with Garlic powder @ 0.75% and @ 1.50%. T5 and T6 were supplemented with Ashwagandha powder @ 0.75% and @ 1.50%. T7 and T8 were supplemented with Shatavari powder @ 0.75% and @ 1.50%. T9 was supplemented with Garlic powder @ 0.25%, Ashwagandha powder @ 0.25% and Shatavari powder @ 0.25%. T10 was supplemented with Garlic powder @ 0.50%, Ashwagandha powder @ 0.50% and Shatavari powder @ 0.50%.

Result: There were highly significant (P<0.01) effect of treatment on feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in different treatment groups. The result showed that the supplementation of 0.50% Garlic, 0.50% Ashwagandha and 0.50% Shatavari powder in broiler diet had significant effect on growth performance. However, net return per bird was higher in supplementation of 0.25% Garlic, 0.25% Ashwagandha and 0.25% Shatavari root powder.

INTRODUCTION

The main benefits of the poultry farming are to its enormous potential to bring about rapid economic growth, for weaker sections due to its low investment requirement (Anonymous, 2014a). Banning the use of antibiotics in poultry production is a crucial and urgent public concern because its overuse or misuse have led to the emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria (Jan and Ester, 2020; Mojca, 2020b). Therefore, the use of herbal supplements or photobiotic is one of the solutions to promoting animal production, health and even eliminating the need for antibiotics (Daniel et al., 2023; Musa et al., 2020). Phytochemicals can be found in the leaves, stem bark, roots, buds, flowers and seeds of herbal plant at various concentrations (Ojediran et al., 2024a). Phytogenic feed additives show a wide range of potential benefits such as, increased enzymatic activity in the intestinal tract, improved nutrient utilization, scavenging the activities of free radicals, inhibiting the activities of pathogenic organisms in the gut, oxidative stress prevention, amongst other all aimed at targeting the enhancement of performance of birds (Shittu et al., 2024). Garlic (Allium sativum) having active ingredient alicine, diallyldisulfide has been considered as a wonder drug in herbal world and used as growth promoter. It improves nutrient utilization and feed conversion efficiency, improve digestion and immunity. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) it contains many active principles such as with anolides, somnitalglucose, inorganic salt, with anone, dihydroxykaempferol-3 and rutinosides (Murthy et al., 2009) and (Pal et al., 2012). These active principles have been reported to possess immuno modulatory, general tonic, hepato-protective, anti-stress, growth promoter and antioxidant properties (Ansari et al., 2008; Singh et al., 2018; Kushwaha et al., 2012 and Verma et al., 2011) beside antibacterial and anti-fungal properties (Punetha et al., 2010). Shatavari is the one of most commonly used herb in traditional medicine due to presence of steroidal saponins and sapogenins in various part of plant (Krishana et al., 2005). It enhancing the appetite, performance and stimulates the liver function.
       
Therefore, considering the above facts the present research was planned to assess the effect of   Garlic (allium sativum), Ashwagandha (withania somnifera) and Shatavari (asparagus racemosus) as alternatives to antibiotic on growth performance and economic in broiler chicks.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment was conducted at the Poultry Unit located in LFC (Livestock Farm Complex) and Department of Animal Nutrition, of College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Navania, Vallabhnagar, Udaipur (Rajasthan). A total of 300, day-old broiler chicks (Cobb-400) were procured from Kewalramani Hatcharies Private Limited, Ajmer and randomly assigned to ten treatment groups in a completely randomized design with three replicates of ten birds under each treatment. Garlic (Allium sativum) powder, Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) powder and Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) powder were purchased from Mohanji Pansari Herbal Product Co. Rani Bazar, Industrial Area, Bikaner,Rajasthan. Oxytetracycline powder was purchased from local medical store, Bikaner. The ISO certified basal feed (broiler pre- starter, broiler starter and broiler finisher) “Udaipur Kukkut Utpadak Sahkari Samiti Limited was used for feeding of experimental broiler chicks. The basal feed and Garlic (Allium sativum), Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) powder were analyzed for chemical composition (Table 1) according to standard procedure (AOAC, 2016). The T1 i.e. control group was fed on basal diet, while T2 was supplemented with Oxytetracycline (OTC) powder @ 0.1g/kg feed. T3 and T4 were supplemented with Garlic powder @ 0.75% and @ 1.50%. T5 and T6 were supplemented with Ashwagandha powder @ 0.75% and @ 1.50%. T7 and T8 were supplemented with Shatavari powder @ 0.75% and @ 1.50%. T9 was supplemented with Garlic powder @ 0.25%, Ashwagandha powder @ 0.25% and Shatavari powder @ 0.25%. T10 was supplemented with Garlic powder @ 0.50%, Ashwagandha powder @ 0.50% and Shatavari powder @ 0.50%. The chicks were fed commercial broiler mash  in three phases, broiler pre starter (0-7 days), broiler starter (8-21days) and broiler finisher (22-42 days) feeds for different treatments as per feeding standard (BIS, 2007) .

Table 1: Chemical composition of broiler pre- starter, broiler starter, Broiler finisher, Allium sativum (garlic) powder, Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) root powder and Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) root powder (% DM basis).


       
A feeding trial of 42 days was conducted. The biometric parameters viz. Feed Intake, body weight, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded. The daily feed intake was calculated after the deduction of the leftovers from the feed offered. The accurate live body weight of the individual experimental chick was recorded in the morning hours before feeding with the assistance of digital weighing balance at a day old and thereafter at weekly interval, body weight gain was figured from the difference in body weight accomplished between the two successive weeks. The feed conversion ratio was determined by dividing the total feed intake by the body weight gain of the chicks. The feed cost of all ten treatment groups were estimated based on feed cost of readymade Pre starter feed, starter feed, finisher feed, Garlic powder, Ashwagandha powder and Shatavari powder. The total feed cost (Rs.) per kg weight gain in broiler chicks for various treatment groups was calculated and the reduction in feed cost per kg weight gain in terms of percentage over control was calculated. The data obtained were analysed using of analysis variance (ANOVA) and significance of mean differences were tested by Duncan’s multiple range test (DNMRT) (Duncan, 1995).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Effect on average feed intake
 
Average weekly feed intake were found to be 4352.78, 4178.46, 4119.18, 4082.93, 3946.17, 3917.96, 3936.27, 3937.93,3966.52 and 3957.94 g, in T1 (Control), T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9 and T10 groups, respectively (Table 2). The highest average feed intake was found in T1 (Control) group whereas, lowest average feed intake was found in T6 group i.e., broiler fed a basal diet supplemented with ashwagandha root powder @ 1.50%. The statistical analysis of data revealed highly significant (p<0.01) effect in terms of average weekly feed intake with dietary supplementation of Garlic, Ashwagandha and Shatavari alone and in combination at different levels in the ration of broiler chicks. The present findings are in agreement with (Eid et al., 2014; Fayed et al., 2011; Abdullah et al., 2010; Raeesi et al., 2010; Abou-Elangana  et al., 2016; Jimoh et al., 2013; Samanthi et al., 2015) who reported significant decrease in feed consumption due to supplementation of Garlic powder probably due to the associated flavor factor. (Shisodiya et al., 2008; Muhammad et al., 2009; Bhardwaj et al., 2011; Abdallah et al., 2016) and (Mane et al., 2012; Pandey et al., 2013; Gaikwad et al., 2015; Mali et al., 2017) reported that significant decrease in feed consumption due to supplementation of Ashwagandha and Shatavari powder as compare to the control group.   

Table 2: Effect of garlic powder, Ashwagandha root powder and Shatavari root powder on weekly feed intake (g/bird/week) in broiler chicks.


     
Effect on body weight
 
The average weekly body weight and body weight gain of broiler chicks for the different treatment groups were highly significant effect (P<0.01) due to diet supplemented with Garlic, Ashwagandha and Shatavari root powder as compared to control group. The average weekly body weight (2399.65 g) and Cumulative body weight gain (2338.77 g) were highest in T10 group i.e., broiler fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.50% Garlic powder, 0.50% Ashwa-gandha root Powder and 0.50% Shatavari root powder. The lowest weekly body weight (2113.25g) and body weight gain were found in (2052.28 g) in control group (Table 3). The observation made in this study corroborate the finding of (Senthilkumar et al., 2015, Makwana et al., 2019 and Singh et al., 2019) reported significant increase in body weight in Garlic powder supplemented group as compared to control group. (Vasanthakumar et al., 2015; Singh et al., 2017; Dhenge et al., 2018; Kumari et al., 2020) reported that significantly increase in body weight in Ashwagandha powder supplemented group. (Singh et al., 2018; Chikwa et al., 2018) reported that increase in body weight in Shatavari powder supplemented group as compared to control group. The present findings are in accordance with that (Makwana et al., 2018; Singh et al., 2019; Makwana et al., 2019; Singh et al., 2019; Alagbe and Oluwafemi 2019); reported significant (P<0.05) increase in body weight gain in Garlic powder supplemented group as compared to control group. Similarly, (Dhenge et al., 2018) reported significant increase in body weight gain in Ashwagandha powder supplemented group as compared to control group. (Gaikwad et al., 2015; Mali et al., 2017) reported that significantly increase in body weight gain in Shatavari powder supplemented group as compared to control group.

Table 3: Effect of garlic powder, Ashwagandha root powder and Shatavari root powder on body weight (g), average weekly weight gain (g), feed conversion ratio at different weeks in broiler chicks.


 
Effect on  feed conversion ratio
 
The cumulative feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chicks for the different treatment groups was highly significant effect (P<0.01) due to diet supplemented with Garlic, Ashwagandha and Shatavari root powder as compared to control group. The feed conversion ratio (1.65) was lowest in T10 group i.e., broiler fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.50% Garlic powder, 0.50% Ashwagandha root Powder and 0.50% Shatavari root powder and highest feed conversion ratio (2.01) in control group (Table 3).
       
The present finding is in accordance with the (Eid and Iraqi, 2014) who reported that Garlic powder had a highly significant effect (P<0.01) feed conversation ratio of diet supplemented with 200 g Garlic powder /tonne. (Kale et al., 2016) studied that 0.25 and 0.5 per cent Ashwagandha root powder significantly (P<0.05) higher on feed conversion ratio. Similarly, that inclusion of Aswaganda (0.5%), Shatavari (1%) and Aswaganda + Shatavari (0.5+0.5%) root powder in broiler ration as feed supplement was improving feed consumption ratio (Mane  et al., 2012).
       
Better feed conversion ratio of the broilers may be attributed to the antibacterial properties of Garlic, which resulted in better absorption of the nutrients present in the gut and finally leading to improvement in feed conversion ratio (Ganguly, 2013 and Ganguly and Verma, 2015). Active constituent withanine and withanolide of Withania somnifera root powder that could act not only as antibacterials and antioxidants but as a stimulant of digestive enzymes in the intestinal mucosa and pancreas that improve the digestion of dietary nutrients and feed efficiency, subsequently increasing the growth rate (Ali, 2011). Improved feed utilization efficiency due to Shatavari root powder supplementation. (Rekhate et al., 2004; Bhardwaj et al., 2008 and Pedulwar et al., 2007).
 
Economics
 
Total expenditure per bird (total feed cost, chick cost, vaccination and litter cost) (Rs) were 177.13, 171.77, 179.16, 187.99, 178.62, 192.21, 175.43, 187.30, 174.50 and 181.28 in T1 (Control), T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9 and T10 treatment groups, respectively. Receipt/bird @ Rs 95/kg live weight (Rs) were 200.73, 204.63, 205.10, 205.96, 208.90, 210.42, 210.33, 212.80, 224.58 and 227.90 in T1 (Control), T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9 and T10 treatment groups, respectively. The net return per bird (Rs) was higher in T9 group (50.08) that is followed by T10 group (46.62) and lowest in T1 (Control)group (23.60) Table 4.

Table 4: Economics.

CONCLUSION

The supplementation of 0.50% Garlic powder, 0.50% Ashwagandha powder and 0.50% Shatavari powder into the basal diet of broilers significantly enhances their growth performance and feed conversion ratio. However, net return per bird was higher in supplementation of 0.25% Garlic, 0.25% Ashwagandha and 0.25% Shatavari root powder.
       
From the result of present study, it was concluded that dietary inclusion of 0.25% Garlic, 0.25% Ashwagandha and 0.25% Shatavari root powder can be used as growth promoters for more profit per bird.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To carry out the research, the authors gratefully acknow-ledge the support and facilities provided by poultry unit, Livestock Farm Complex Department of Livestock Production and Management, Department of Animal Nutrition, of College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Navania, Vallabhnagar, Udaipur, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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    Full Research Article

    Effect of Phytobiotic Feed Additives- Garlic (Allium sativum), Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) as Alternatives to Antibiotic on Growth Performance and Economics in Broiler Chicken

    H
    Hemant Kumar Jediya1
    M
    Monika Joshi1,*
    S
    S.K. Sharma2
    1Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Navania, Udaipur, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner-334 001, Rajasthan, India.
    2Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Navania, Udaipur, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner-334 001, Rajasthan, India.

    ABSTRACT

    Background: Poultry production is a vital and rapidly growing sector, providing a significant source of animal protein to meet the nutritional needs of a growing population. The production of healthy and high-performing poultry is essential for the sustainability and profitability of this industry.

    Methods: A feeding trial was conducted for 42 days at Veterinary College Navania, Udaipur in the year 2021. A total of 300, day-old broiler chicks (Cobb-400) were weighted and randomly distributed to ten treatment groups in a completely randomized design with three replicates of 10 birds under each treatment. The birds were fed as per feeding standard. The T1 i.e. control group was fed on basal diet, while T2 was supplemented with Oxytetracycline (OTC) powder @ 0.1 g/kg feed. T3 and T4 were supplemented with Garlic powder @ 0.75% and @ 1.50%. T5 and T6 were supplemented with Ashwagandha powder @ 0.75% and @ 1.50%. T7 and T8 were supplemented with Shatavari powder @ 0.75% and @ 1.50%. T9 was supplemented with Garlic powder @ 0.25%, Ashwagandha powder @ 0.25% and Shatavari powder @ 0.25%. T10 was supplemented with Garlic powder @ 0.50%, Ashwagandha powder @ 0.50% and Shatavari powder @ 0.50%.

    Result: There were highly significant (P<0.01) effect of treatment on feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in different treatment groups. The result showed that the supplementation of 0.50% Garlic, 0.50% Ashwagandha and 0.50% Shatavari powder in broiler diet had significant effect on growth performance. However, net return per bird was higher in supplementation of 0.25% Garlic, 0.25% Ashwagandha and 0.25% Shatavari root powder.

    INTRODUCTION

    The main benefits of the poultry farming are to its enormous potential to bring about rapid economic growth, for weaker sections due to its low investment requirement (Anonymous, 2014a). Banning the use of antibiotics in poultry production is a crucial and urgent public concern because its overuse or misuse have led to the emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria (Jan and Ester, 2020; Mojca, 2020b). Therefore, the use of herbal supplements or photobiotic is one of the solutions to promoting animal production, health and even eliminating the need for antibiotics (Daniel et al., 2023; Musa et al., 2020). Phytochemicals can be found in the leaves, stem bark, roots, buds, flowers and seeds of herbal plant at various concentrations (Ojediran et al., 2024a). Phytogenic feed additives show a wide range of potential benefits such as, increased enzymatic activity in the intestinal tract, improved nutrient utilization, scavenging the activities of free radicals, inhibiting the activities of pathogenic organisms in the gut, oxidative stress prevention, amongst other all aimed at targeting the enhancement of performance of birds (Shittu et al., 2024). Garlic (Allium sativum) having active ingredient alicine, diallyldisulfide has been considered as a wonder drug in herbal world and used as growth promoter. It improves nutrient utilization and feed conversion efficiency, improve digestion and immunity. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) it contains many active principles such as with anolides, somnitalglucose, inorganic salt, with anone, dihydroxykaempferol-3 and rutinosides (Murthy et al., 2009) and (Pal et al., 2012). These active principles have been reported to possess immuno modulatory, general tonic, hepato-protective, anti-stress, growth promoter and antioxidant properties (Ansari et al., 2008; Singh et al., 2018; Kushwaha et al., 2012 and Verma et al., 2011) beside antibacterial and anti-fungal properties (Punetha et al., 2010). Shatavari is the one of most commonly used herb in traditional medicine due to presence of steroidal saponins and sapogenins in various part of plant (Krishana et al., 2005). It enhancing the appetite, performance and stimulates the liver function.
           
    Therefore, considering the above facts the present research was planned to assess the effect of   Garlic (allium sativum), Ashwagandha (withania somnifera) and Shatavari (asparagus racemosus) as alternatives to antibiotic on growth performance and economic in broiler chicks.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    The experiment was conducted at the Poultry Unit located in LFC (Livestock Farm Complex) and Department of Animal Nutrition, of College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Navania, Vallabhnagar, Udaipur (Rajasthan). A total of 300, day-old broiler chicks (Cobb-400) were procured from Kewalramani Hatcharies Private Limited, Ajmer and randomly assigned to ten treatment groups in a completely randomized design with three replicates of ten birds under each treatment. Garlic (Allium sativum) powder, Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) powder and Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) powder were purchased from Mohanji Pansari Herbal Product Co. Rani Bazar, Industrial Area, Bikaner,Rajasthan. Oxytetracycline powder was purchased from local medical store, Bikaner. The ISO certified basal feed (broiler pre- starter, broiler starter and broiler finisher) “Udaipur Kukkut Utpadak Sahkari Samiti Limited was used for feeding of experimental broiler chicks. The basal feed and Garlic (Allium sativum), Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) powder were analyzed for chemical composition (Table 1) according to standard procedure (AOAC, 2016). The T1 i.e. control group was fed on basal diet, while T2 was supplemented with Oxytetracycline (OTC) powder @ 0.1g/kg feed. T3 and T4 were supplemented with Garlic powder @ 0.75% and @ 1.50%. T5 and T6 were supplemented with Ashwagandha powder @ 0.75% and @ 1.50%. T7 and T8 were supplemented with Shatavari powder @ 0.75% and @ 1.50%. T9 was supplemented with Garlic powder @ 0.25%, Ashwagandha powder @ 0.25% and Shatavari powder @ 0.25%. T10 was supplemented with Garlic powder @ 0.50%, Ashwagandha powder @ 0.50% and Shatavari powder @ 0.50%. The chicks were fed commercial broiler mash  in three phases, broiler pre starter (0-7 days), broiler starter (8-21days) and broiler finisher (22-42 days) feeds for different treatments as per feeding standard (BIS, 2007) .

    Table 1: Chemical composition of broiler pre- starter, broiler starter, Broiler finisher, Allium sativum (garlic) powder, Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) root powder and Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) root powder (% DM basis).


           
    A feeding trial of 42 days was conducted. The biometric parameters viz. Feed Intake, body weight, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded. The daily feed intake was calculated after the deduction of the leftovers from the feed offered. The accurate live body weight of the individual experimental chick was recorded in the morning hours before feeding with the assistance of digital weighing balance at a day old and thereafter at weekly interval, body weight gain was figured from the difference in body weight accomplished between the two successive weeks. The feed conversion ratio was determined by dividing the total feed intake by the body weight gain of the chicks. The feed cost of all ten treatment groups were estimated based on feed cost of readymade Pre starter feed, starter feed, finisher feed, Garlic powder, Ashwagandha powder and Shatavari powder. The total feed cost (Rs.) per kg weight gain in broiler chicks for various treatment groups was calculated and the reduction in feed cost per kg weight gain in terms of percentage over control was calculated. The data obtained were analysed using of analysis variance (ANOVA) and significance of mean differences were tested by Duncan’s multiple range test (DNMRT) (Duncan, 1995).

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    Effect on average feed intake
     
    Average weekly feed intake were found to be 4352.78, 4178.46, 4119.18, 4082.93, 3946.17, 3917.96, 3936.27, 3937.93,3966.52 and 3957.94 g, in T1 (Control), T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9 and T10 groups, respectively (Table 2). The highest average feed intake was found in T1 (Control) group whereas, lowest average feed intake was found in T6 group i.e., broiler fed a basal diet supplemented with ashwagandha root powder @ 1.50%. The statistical analysis of data revealed highly significant (p<0.01) effect in terms of average weekly feed intake with dietary supplementation of Garlic, Ashwagandha and Shatavari alone and in combination at different levels in the ration of broiler chicks. The present findings are in agreement with (Eid et al., 2014; Fayed et al., 2011; Abdullah et al., 2010; Raeesi et al., 2010; Abou-Elangana  et al., 2016; Jimoh et al., 2013; Samanthi et al., 2015) who reported significant decrease in feed consumption due to supplementation of Garlic powder probably due to the associated flavor factor. (Shisodiya et al., 2008; Muhammad et al., 2009; Bhardwaj et al., 2011; Abdallah et al., 2016) and (Mane et al., 2012; Pandey et al., 2013; Gaikwad et al., 2015; Mali et al., 2017) reported that significant decrease in feed consumption due to supplementation of Ashwagandha and Shatavari powder as compare to the control group.   

    Table 2: Effect of garlic powder, Ashwagandha root powder and Shatavari root powder on weekly feed intake (g/bird/week) in broiler chicks.


         
    Effect on body weight
     
    The average weekly body weight and body weight gain of broiler chicks for the different treatment groups were highly significant effect (P<0.01) due to diet supplemented with Garlic, Ashwagandha and Shatavari root powder as compared to control group. The average weekly body weight (2399.65 g) and Cumulative body weight gain (2338.77 g) were highest in T10 group i.e., broiler fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.50% Garlic powder, 0.50% Ashwa-gandha root Powder and 0.50% Shatavari root powder. The lowest weekly body weight (2113.25g) and body weight gain were found in (2052.28 g) in control group (Table 3). The observation made in this study corroborate the finding of (Senthilkumar et al., 2015, Makwana et al., 2019 and Singh et al., 2019) reported significant increase in body weight in Garlic powder supplemented group as compared to control group. (Vasanthakumar et al., 2015; Singh et al., 2017; Dhenge et al., 2018; Kumari et al., 2020) reported that significantly increase in body weight in Ashwagandha powder supplemented group. (Singh et al., 2018; Chikwa et al., 2018) reported that increase in body weight in Shatavari powder supplemented group as compared to control group. The present findings are in accordance with that (Makwana et al., 2018; Singh et al., 2019; Makwana et al., 2019; Singh et al., 2019; Alagbe and Oluwafemi 2019); reported significant (P<0.05) increase in body weight gain in Garlic powder supplemented group as compared to control group. Similarly, (Dhenge et al., 2018) reported significant increase in body weight gain in Ashwagandha powder supplemented group as compared to control group. (Gaikwad et al., 2015; Mali et al., 2017) reported that significantly increase in body weight gain in Shatavari powder supplemented group as compared to control group.

    Table 3: Effect of garlic powder, Ashwagandha root powder and Shatavari root powder on body weight (g), average weekly weight gain (g), feed conversion ratio at different weeks in broiler chicks.


     
    Effect on  feed conversion ratio
     
    The cumulative feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chicks for the different treatment groups was highly significant effect (P<0.01) due to diet supplemented with Garlic, Ashwagandha and Shatavari root powder as compared to control group. The feed conversion ratio (1.65) was lowest in T10 group i.e., broiler fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.50% Garlic powder, 0.50% Ashwagandha root Powder and 0.50% Shatavari root powder and highest feed conversion ratio (2.01) in control group (Table 3).
           
    The present finding is in accordance with the (Eid and Iraqi, 2014) who reported that Garlic powder had a highly significant effect (P<0.01) feed conversation ratio of diet supplemented with 200 g Garlic powder /tonne. (Kale et al., 2016) studied that 0.25 and 0.5 per cent Ashwagandha root powder significantly (P<0.05) higher on feed conversion ratio. Similarly, that inclusion of Aswaganda (0.5%), Shatavari (1%) and Aswaganda + Shatavari (0.5+0.5%) root powder in broiler ration as feed supplement was improving feed consumption ratio (Mane  et al., 2012).
           
    Better feed conversion ratio of the broilers may be attributed to the antibacterial properties of Garlic, which resulted in better absorption of the nutrients present in the gut and finally leading to improvement in feed conversion ratio (Ganguly, 2013 and Ganguly and Verma, 2015). Active constituent withanine and withanolide of Withania somnifera root powder that could act not only as antibacterials and antioxidants but as a stimulant of digestive enzymes in the intestinal mucosa and pancreas that improve the digestion of dietary nutrients and feed efficiency, subsequently increasing the growth rate (Ali, 2011). Improved feed utilization efficiency due to Shatavari root powder supplementation. (Rekhate et al., 2004; Bhardwaj et al., 2008 and Pedulwar et al., 2007).
     
    Economics
     
    Total expenditure per bird (total feed cost, chick cost, vaccination and litter cost) (Rs) were 177.13, 171.77, 179.16, 187.99, 178.62, 192.21, 175.43, 187.30, 174.50 and 181.28 in T1 (Control), T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9 and T10 treatment groups, respectively. Receipt/bird @ Rs 95/kg live weight (Rs) were 200.73, 204.63, 205.10, 205.96, 208.90, 210.42, 210.33, 212.80, 224.58 and 227.90 in T1 (Control), T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9 and T10 treatment groups, respectively. The net return per bird (Rs) was higher in T9 group (50.08) that is followed by T10 group (46.62) and lowest in T1 (Control)group (23.60) Table 4.

    Table 4: Economics.

    CONCLUSION

    The supplementation of 0.50% Garlic powder, 0.50% Ashwagandha powder and 0.50% Shatavari powder into the basal diet of broilers significantly enhances their growth performance and feed conversion ratio. However, net return per bird was higher in supplementation of 0.25% Garlic, 0.25% Ashwagandha and 0.25% Shatavari root powder.
           
    From the result of present study, it was concluded that dietary inclusion of 0.25% Garlic, 0.25% Ashwagandha and 0.25% Shatavari root powder can be used as growth promoters for more profit per bird.

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    To carry out the research, the authors gratefully acknow-ledge the support and facilities provided by poultry unit, Livestock Farm Complex Department of Livestock Production and Management, Department of Animal Nutrition, of College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Navania, Vallabhnagar, Udaipur, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner.

    CONFLICT OF INTEREST

    All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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