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Full Research Article

Mitigation of Salinity Combined with Vermicompost on Growth, Antioxidant Enzymes and Macro Nutritional Changes in Solanum melongena L.

Sarah Thimothy1, Debasish Dikshit1, A. Venkatesan1,*
1Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.

ABSTRACT

Background: The main abiotic stress affecting crop production and productivity is due to the salinity stress, which has a very serious adverse effectiveness on plant development and production. At higher concentrations, salt stress provokes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species ROS, which are toxic to cells.

Methods: The goal of the current study was to determine how different sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations affected Solanum melongena growth, antioxidant enzymes and macronutrients through the use of vermicompost. Vermicompost (VC) (%) (0, 10, 25, 50, 10 mM+5%, 25 mM+10%, 50 mM+25% and 100% VC) was used in the germination investigation and the data were evaluated 30- and 60-days following germination.

Result: In 50 mM of NaCl plus 25% VC, the greatest increases in the length of the shoot, length of roots, both dry and fresh weight and leaf area were noted. On both days, the maximum enzyme activity was observed at 50 mM NaCl + 25% VC. The use of vermicompost in NaCl stress enhanced the nutritional contents up to 50 mM + 25% VC, while the accumulation of macronutrient content increased at an extreme level of 100% VC.

 

INTRODUCTION

The herbaceous vegetable aubergine (Solanum melongena), Solanaceae family, is highly produced in both subtropical and tropical areas for its palatable fruits. The fifth most commercially significant species of Solanaceous crop after potatoes, tomatoes, pepper and tobacco are aubergine according to (Tasher et al., 2017). In the nation, aubergine is frequently grown on recently reclaimed ground. However, the majority of these recently reclaimed soils are salinized, have low fertility and have a poor soil structure, which inhibits plant growth and development and causes low yield. The growth of sustainable agriculture has received a lot of attention recently. Some methods, such as soil amendments, have been employed to reduce the effectiveness of salt (Bacilio et al., 2004).
 
Salinization affects almost 1/3rd of the 260 million hectares of land under irrigation that are used for 40% of the world’s food output (United Nations, 2011). Countries like Australia, Egypt, India, Pakistan and the United States are dealing with severe salt and drainage issues that affect anywhere between 15 and 36% of their irrigated areas. According to Yassin et al., (2019), A major ecological factors impacting plant growth and production is soil salinity. According to numerous research salt resistant crops have higher oxidative stress resistance of antioxidant enzyme activity, which is significantly connected with salinity stress in plants (Pakar et al., 2016). According to research, plants that are more capable of producing antioxidants than other plants can thrive in saline conditions (Alhasnawi et al., 2014).
 
Chemical fertilizer use in agricultural areas has led to environmental issues such water resource contamination, a decline in the quality of agricultural output and a decrease in soil fertility (Chaulagain et al., 2017). Vermicompost is also recognized as an organic fertilizer that is safe for the environment. Vermicompost fertilizers are typically recommended by industry professionals as sources for soil enhancement and concurrently for the production of healthy crops (Belliturk, 2016). According to Belliturk et al., (2015), Vermicomposting is a natural fertilizer that can prevent a number of plant diseases and increase crop productivity, quality and soil humus content. By introducing a variety of advantageous bacteria into the soil, the vermicompost was like soil conditioner, plant development medium and to improve soil microbial biodiversity (Broz et al., 2016).
 
The use of vermicompost in sustainable agriculture, according to Koozehgar Kaleji and Ardakani (2017), boosts the population and activity of earth-friendly microbes like the mycorrhizal fungus and Solubilizing phosphate microbes as well as the nutrients that plants need, such as N, P and K, which in turn optimizes crop yield and growth.
 
The interaction of vermicompost with Synthetic ammonia, urea, ammonium nitrate (NH4 NO3) and nitric acid (HNO3) has been shown to be statistically significant for plant height at 1% and increased aubergine fruit yields by 5% in a study on aubergine grown from different dosages conducted in Iran. However, the effect on fruit length has been found to be not significant at all by (Moraditochaee et al., 2011). According to a different study (Gandhi and Sundari, 2012), vermicompost’s biochemical characteristics significantly influence proper development of aubergine. According to the findings of a study conducted by Adilolu et al., (2015), substantial gains were seen in the yield, wet weight, diameter of plant, number of leaves on the plant, leaf length and width when vermicompost was applied in increasing doses to cucumber plants. Significant alterations were also found in the plant’s macronutrient components such nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium. A different study on the effects of various amounts of vermicompost (0-, 5- and 10-tons ha-1) on both the qualitative and quantitative features of Matricaria chemmomilla found that 10 tonnes ha-1 vermicompost were sufficient to achieve the maximum height, fresh mass and dry weight of the plants (Seyyed Hadi et al., 2013).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Morphological studies
 
On the thirtieth day, five seedlings were meticulously taken out of each plastic tray and given a water bath in order to examine the morphological characteristics. A scale was used to measure the length of the root and shoot. Measurements of the length, width and number of leaves were used to determine the total leaf area, which was then multiplied by the correlation factor (0.66) obtained using Yoshida et al., (1972) technique.
 
Fresh weight
 
The seedlings were taken out of the plastic trays and given a good cleaning. The stem and root components of the leaf were removed and weighed in order to estimate the fresh weight of the leaf.
 
Dry weight
 
Seedlings were removed from plastic containers and cleaned thoroughly. They spent all day at 80°C in the hot oven after being split up into roots and shoots. Using an electrical balance with a single pan, the drying weight of the plants was determined.
 
Biochemical studies
 
The root and shoots of Solanum melongena were separated at 30 and 60 days and used for the analysis of the antioxidant enzyme using the following methods. The protocol outlined by Chandlee and Scandalios (1984) was followed in order to estimate the catalase activity. The Reddy et al., (1985) protocol was followed when performing the peroxidase activity. Superoxide dismutase activity was carried out by Giannopolitis (1977) technique. The method outlined by Asada and Takahashi (1987), was followed in order to estimate the ascorbate peroxidase activity. Complete randomized block design was used to statistically analyses the data (ANOVA one-way method).
 
Estimation of macronutrients
 
The estimation of total nitrogen was carried out by Jackson, 1958 quoted by (Yoshida et al., 1972). The phosphorus content was estimated according to Black, 1965 quoted by (Yoshida et al., 1972). The total Potassium was present estimated by Williams and Twine (1960).

RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION

Length of seedlings
 
The findings demonstrated that Table 1 displays the length of seedlings of Solanum melongena cultivated under varied salt concentrations in conjunction with vermicompost. Up to 50 mM NaCl, the length of the seedling steadily reduced and when vermicompost was added, the length of the shoots and roots gradually grew. Optimum level of shoot length and root length were measured in 5 0mM NaCl + 25% vermicompost on 30th and 60th days i.e., 19.8 cm plant-1, 5.1 cm plant-1 and 30.9 cm plant-1, 7.9 cm plant-1 respectively when compared to control. According to Hussain et al., (2017), the shoot length was presumably raised as a result of the function of biochar and vermicompost in raising minerals, particularly the Potassium availability, which promotes root development and absorption of nutrients.

Table 1: Impact of NaCl and vermicompost on growth and leaf area of Solanum melongena on 30th and 60th day after germination.


 
Fresh and dry weight
 
Fig 1 displays the findings about the impact of salinity and vermicompost on the fresh weight of seedlings. With increasing NaCl content, the seedling’s fresh weight steadily dropped and with vermicompost added, it gradually grew. Maximum increasing in fresh weight of shoot and root in 50 mM + 25% Vermicompost on 30th (14.98±0.99 g plant-1 and 6.01±0.67 g plant-1) and 60th (20.23±0.79 g plant-1 and 8.63±0.41 g plant-1) days at the treatment when compared to control. The 100% vermicompost the fresh weight was moderately higher when compared to control. The results on the effect of salt stress in addition with vermicompost gradually decreased dry weight upto 50 mM NaCl and gradually increased in addition with vermicompost. Maximum increased in dry weight of shoot and root in 50 mM + 25% Vermicompost 30th (3.01±0.29 g plant-1 and 1.21±0.14 g plant-1) and 60th (6.98±0.22 g plant-1 and 2.19±0.15 g plant-1) days at the treatment when compared to control. The 100% vermicompost the dry weight was moderately higher when compared to control Fig 2. Numerous studies have shown that vermicompost improves morphological characteristics such as vigour index, leaf area, stem and root length, fresh and dry weight of root shoots and dry weight per plant, as well as salinity tolerance. i.e Solanum melongena (Gnanamani et al., 2024) Silybum marianum L. (Ebrahimi et al., 2019); Cotinus coggygria Scop. (Banadkooki, 2019); Dracocephalum moldavica L. (Gohari et al., 2019).
 

Fig 1: Impact of NaCl and vermicompost on fresh weight of Solanum melongena on 30th and 60th day after germination.



​

Fig 2: Impact of NaCl and vermicompost on dry weight of Solanum melongena on 30th and 60th day after germination.



Leaf area
 
Table 1 displays the data about the efficacy of applying vermicompost to the leaf area of Solanum melongena. When concentration increased up to 50 mM NaCl, the leaf area decreased; when vermicompost was added, the leaf area steadily increased. Maximum increase in the leaf area was recorded 30th (48.48±1.19 cm2 plant-1) and 60th (75.76±2.17 cm2 plant-1) days when compared to control. The 100% vermicompost the dry weight was moderately higher when compared to control and it was observed in 43.19±0.95 cm2 Plant-1 and 68.98±1.7 cm2 plant-1 respectively on 30th and 60th days. Furthermore, it has been commonly reported that the application of vermicompost and biochar has increased plant area of leaf, number of leaf, length of root and biomass from both shoots and roots (Alvarez et al., 2017). In Medicago plant NaCl with application of vermicompost increases the leaf area (Akhzari et al., 2016).

Enzyme activities
 
Catalase
 
The catalase activity resulted in a decrease with increasing salinity up to a 50 mM NaCl level and a progressive increase with increasing vermicompost addition. When compared to the control, the 30th and 60th days showed the greatest increase in catalase activity (15.518±1.431 units min-1 mg protein and 21.238±2.01 units min-1 mg protein, respectively) in 50 mM NaCl + 25% vermicompost. Additionally, on the 30th and 60th, at 18.852±1.24 units min-1 mg protein and 12.011±0.92 units min-1 mg protein, respectively, it was noted that catalase activity in 100% vermicompost was moderately greater than control (Fig 3). Catalase is one of the most significant antioxidant enzymes in plants, according to Hameed et al., 2008. In a variety of plants exposed to salinity stress, catalase enzyme activity has been shown to be increased by (Kahrizi et al., 2012). If the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the surrounding medium is increased, catalase functions in plant and animal cells It’s also considered to be one of the proteins containing iron. Catalase protects cells from the harmful effect of hydrogen peroxide, according to Lokhande et al., (2011). Catalase enzyme promotes plant survival by removing reactive oxygen species and stopping damage to the walls of plants, (Jiang and Zhang, 2001). The activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and malondialdehyde, rose dramatically with salinity whereas photosynthetic pigments decreased (Sorkhi, 2021).

Fig 3: Impact of NaCl and vermicompost on Catalase enzyme activity of Solanum melongena on 30th and 60th day after germination.


 
Peroxidase
 
The findings showed that the peroxidase activity steadily rose with vermicompost addition and decreased with increasing doses up to 50 mM NaCl. In comparison to the control, the highest increase in peroxidase activity was recorded on the 30th day (4.891±0.315 units min-1 mg protein) and 60th day (5.831±0.278 units min-1 mg protein) in 50 mM NaCl + 25% vermicompost. The extreme level of 100% vermicompost peroxidase activity was moderately higher than control on both 30th (4.456±0.299 unit min-1 mg protein) and 60th (4.989±0.33 unit min-1 mg protein) (Fig 4). The use of vermicompost and sorghum water extract has contributed to the growth of maize seed. This was attributed to an increase in photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant (SOD, POD and CAT) activities (Alamer et al., 2022).

Fig 4: Impact of NaCl and vermicompost on peroxidase enzyme activity of Solanum melongena on 30th and 60th day after germination.


 
Superoxide dismutase
 
Superoxide dismutase activity was found to progressively increase with vermicompost and to decrease with higher concentrations up to 50 mM NaCl. Maximum increase in the peroxidase activity was recored in 50 mM NaCl + 25% vermicompost on 30th (122.71±2.11 unit min-1 mg protein) and 60th (163.87±2.15 unit min-1 mg protein) day when compared to control. The extreme level of 100% vermicompost peroxidase activity was moderately higher than control on both 30th (115.124±2.2 unit min-1 mg protein) and 60th (151.559±1.89 unit min-1 mg protein) (Fig 5). In order to reduce the effects of oxidative stress in saline conditions, plants increase the superoxide dismutase enzyme (Yaghubi et al., 2014).

Fig 5: Impact of NaCl and vermicompost on superoxide dismutase enzyme activity of Solanum melongena on 30th and 60th day after germination.


 
Ascorbate peroxidase
 
Fig 6 provides information on the ascorbate peroxidase activity at different salinity concentrations when mixed with vermicompost. As salinity increased up to a 50 mM NaCl level, the ascorbate peroxidase result fell and then steadily increased as more vermicompost was added. Maximum increase in ascorbate peroxidase enzyme was recorded in 50 mM NaCl + 25% vermicompost on 30th (62.021±1.01 unit min-1 mg protein) and 60th (85.121±1.11unit min-1 mg protein) when compared to control. At extreme level of 100% vermicompost ascorbate peroxidase activity was moderately higher than control on both 30th (59.11±0.69unit min-1 mg protein) and 60th (80.188±0.91unit min-1 mg protein) days. Acorbate peroxidase is also used as a reducing agent of many free radicals, in particular hydrogen peroxide, besides playing an important role in plant growth, development and metabolism. Thus, ascorbate peroxidase can reduce oxidative stress damage, according to (Gholinejad et al., 2014). According to Adamipour et al., (2016) stated the increasing of Catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activity by addition of vermicompost to Festuca arundinaceacv Queen plant in salinity.

Fig 6: Impact of NaCl and vermicompost on ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity of Solanum melongena on 30th and 60th day after germination.


 
Macro nutrients
 
A higher concentration of NaCl indicates a decrease in the amount of nutrients present. Furthermore, vermicompost exhibits a progressive rise in nutrient content, reaching 50 mm of NaCl plus 25% vermicompost. The data shows the highest Nutrients (N, P, K) was observed in 100% vermicompost i.e., Nitrogen-6.571±0.39 µg g-1 dr. wt., Phosphorus- 1.12±0.19 µg g-1 dr. wt., Potassium- 2.411±0.09 µg g-1 dr. wt. and Nitrogen- 8.123±0.37 µg g-1 dr. wt., Phosphorus- 2.1±0.19 µg g-1 dr. wt., Potassium- 4.001±0.21 µg g-1 dr. wt. on 30th and 60th day respectively. But it was also observed that with the NaCl concentration the highest nutrient content was found to be in 50 mm NaCl + 25% vermicompost i.e., Nitrogen- 4.781±0.259 µg g-1 dr. wt., Phosphorus- 0.98±0.08 µg g-1 dr. wt., Potassium- 1.888±0.1 µg g-1 dr. wt. and Nitrogen- 6.054±0.238 µg g-1 dr. wt., Phosphorus-1.41±0.15 µg g-1 dr. wt., Potassium- 3.411±0.115 µg g-1 dr. wt. on 30th and 60th day respectively (Fig 7, Fig 8 and Fig 9). Increased P, K, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations with the application vermicompost in salinity on Lactuca sativa (Demir and kiran, 2020). Djajadi et al., (2020) indicate that the application of nitrogen fertilizer (50, 75 and 100 kg N/ha) and vermicompost (0-,10-, 20-, t/ha) enhanced N and K uptakes, sugarcane growth and decreased the harmful effects of saltwater. According to Meena et al., (2016) stated that available nitrogen (kg ha-1), phosphorus (kg ha-1) and potassium (kg ha-1) may be due to an increase in levels of organic and inorganic fertilizers.

Fig 7: Impact of NaCl and vermicompost on nitrogen of Solanum melongena on 30th and 60th day after germination.



Fig 8: Impact of NaCl and vermicompost on phosphorus of Solanum melongena on 30th and 60th day after germination.



Fig 9: Impact of NaCl and vermicompost on potassium of Solanum melongena on 30th and 60th day after germination.

CONCLUSION

So, we conclude that the salinity with application vermicompost (50 mM NaCl + 25% VC) promoted the growth and other antioxidant enzymes when compared to control. So, the soil salinity redempted used as vermicompost and used as a cultivation.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors whose names are listed declared that the work is original and they have no conflict of interest.

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