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Full Research Article

Studies on the Development and Evaluation of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Blended Papaya (Carica papaya) Chutney

G.T. Harshita1, Gurpreet Singh1,*, Ravi Kondle1, Khushboo Kathayat1
1Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar - Delhi, Grand Trunk Rd, Phagwara-144 001, Punjab, India.

ABSTRACT

Background: Papaya (Carica papaya) has a maximum loss of postharvest shelf life. Due to the higher respiration activity, these are prone to ripening within a short time frame; as a result, pathogens develop quickly and lead to enormous problems for papaya producers. Hence to minimize this postharvest loss and to preserve nutritional qualities, the present study was conducted to utilize papaya pulp to prepare a delicious papaya chutney with tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) because of its unique flavour. 

Methods: For chutney preparation, different combinations of papaya and tomato were used and their quality was analyzed based on biochemical (Total Soluble Solids, Titratable acidity, acid/Brix ratio, vitamin-C, total sugars, reducing sugars) and sensory attributes (colour, appearance, flavour, texture and consistency). 

Result: The treatment T7 (50% papaya: 50% tomato) was found to be the best combination in terms of biochemical and sensory quality parameters. Chutney was yet in acceptable conditions even after 90 days of preparation.

INTRODUCTION

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a healthy and delicious fruit that can be eaten either in a fresh or processed form. It had 13.9 million tonnes of global production in 2020 and India alone contributed 43% of it (Faostat, 2020). Gujarat andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu were the highest papaya-producing states in India (NHB 2017-2018). Papaya is well known for its numerous medicinal properties, which provide essential nutrients such as vitamins (A, C, E), riboflavin, folate, thiamine, niacin, calcium, iron, potassium and fiber. In addition, some minerals like magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) are also present (Ali et al., 2011). Few findings proved that papayas contain more ascorbic acid (64 mg/100 g) when compared to oranges (37 mg/100 g) (Santiago-silva et al., 2011). However, papaya is a perishable climacteric fruit with a maximum loss of postharvest shelf life (40-100%) (Gupta, 2022). Moreover, due to the higher respiration behavior, these are prone to quick ripening and difficult to maintain their quality throughout transportation and marketing (Emana et al., 2007, Ignacio et al., 2011).

Tomato is a non-starchy vegetable that naturally contains a powerful antioxidant known as lycopene (Bose et al., 2002). However, even some of the findings proved that the amount of lycopene in a fresh tomato is four times lower than its processed product (Shashikalabai et al., 2016). Nevertheless, the consumption of tomatoes in the processed form has been increasing today due to their wider availability, cost-effectiveness and unique taste (Burton and Reimers 2011).

In order to minimize the postharvest loss of papaya and preserve the nutritional qualities present in them, the present study has been conducted to prepare a delicious papaya chutney, a processed product made from different ingredients. In South Asian nations, these chutneys are most commonly used with different flavours and tastes like sweet, sour, spicy etc. (Kapoor, 2001). Processing in the form of chutney helps as an appetizer and provides the availability of the fruit even during the off-season; it also helps in the utilization of the various minor fruits which are not much known (Kumari et al., 2018), supplements the nutrition (Singhania et al., 2020); Controls the wastage (Madhushani et al., 2016); Also, various combinations of tomatoes were added to the papaya due to its unique flavour. Fewer attempts have been made to utilize papaya by making its different products, but they did not attain the commercial approaches; hence a new approach has been made.
 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The research was executed in 2022 at the Department of Horticulture, Lovely Professional University. Different combinations of papayas and tomatoes (100:00, 95:05, 85:15, 75:25, 65:35, 55:45 and 50:50) were taken as seven treatments, each being replicated thrice. To estimate the significance level, the data were analyzed for up to 90 days with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), using a completely randomized block design.

The fresh and evenly ripened papayas and tomatoes of uniform size were collected from the field and blanched off; the pulp was prepared by peeling, cutting and mixing with water (1:1). For the chutney preparation, five tablespoons of mustard oil was boiled for 2 min. Then the papaya-tomato blends were added and boiled on a medium flame as per the required treatments in a different ratio. Soon after the boil starts, 2 tablespoons of sugar has been added and mixed well with a continuous stir. After the attainment of proper consistency, the remaining spice powders (1 teaspoon - red chilli powder, ¼ teaspoon cinnamon powder, ¼ teaspoon funnel, ¼ teaspoon clove, ¼ teaspoon cardamom, ¼ teaspoon black pepper, ½ table teaspoon black salt, ¼ table teaspoon cumin, ½ teaspoon chat masala) were mixed well until it attains 50° Brix. The prepared Chutney was cooled, packed (glass jars with 0.6 cm of headspace), labeled and finally stored in a refrigerator (4-5°C) for 90 days (Flow Chart 1).

Flow Chart 1: Preparation of papaya-tomato chutney.



Biochemical parameters like Total soluble solids (° Brix), Titratable acidity (%) (Ranganna, 2014), Acid: Brix ratio, Ascorbic acid (mg/100 g) (Ranganna, 2014), Total Sugar (Anthrone method by Jayaraman 1981) and Reducing sugars were evaluated by DNSA reagent (3,5 Dinitro salicylic acid reagent) method (Miller, 1959). A panel of 5 judges evaluated the sensory parameters.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Biochemical parameter
 
During the 90 days of the storage period, the biochemical parameters of papaya-tomato blend chutney differed significantly in each treatment, as shown in Table 1. TSS, Acid: Brix ratio, Total sugars and reducing sugars were increased. At the same time, Titratable acidity and Ascorbic acid decreased significantly.

Table 1: Effect of a different combination of papaya- tomato blend chutney on different biochemical parameters at different storage periods.



The TSS of the chutney has increased throughout the storage period from 2.78 -7.37%. A higher per cent of the increase was observed in T2 (95: 05) with 7.37% and a lesser increment was observed in T7 (50:50) with 2.78%. The increase in TSS is because of the hydroxylation of the polysaccharides into the monosaccharide and soluble disaccharides, or because of the conversion of starch and other insoluble carbohydrates into sugars (Luh and Woodroof, 1975). A similar trend of TSS was found in other research, like in aonla-papaya chutney (Sachin. 2017). However, in the case of acidity, the trend decreased from the range of 23.91-7.25%. Here higher tomato pulp contributed to the higher acidic level in each treatment. A maximum of 23.91% decrease is found in T2 (95: 05) and a minimum in T7 (50: 50) with 07.25%. The decreased trend in acidity level resulted from the hydrolysis of polysaccharides and non-reducing sugars. In contrast, acid is employed to convert them to hexose sugars or reducing sugars. The same was observed in the case of Guava- Papaya blend chutney (Kumar et al., 2020).

The data clearly illustrates the significant increasing pattern from 9.82-29.52% in the acid: Brix ratio. Throughout the storage period, the maximum percentage of the increase in acid: Brix ratio was found in T2 (95:05) and the minimum increase % was in T7 (50:50). This is due to a chutney’s increasing TSS and decreasing acidity level. The strawberry processed products also observed a similar trend (Khan et al., 2014). At the same time, the Ascorbic acid of blended chutney reduced dramatically from 9.52-3.24%. The decrease was maximum in T1 (100:00) with 9.52% and minimum in T7 (50: 50) with 3.24%. This decreasing trend is due to trapped oxygen accumulated within the glass bottle. When ascorbic acid reacts with oxygen, it produces a volatile and unstable dehydro-ascorbic acid (Nayak, 2012; Jakhar et al., 2013) and then further broken down into keto-gluconic acid (Kuchi et al., 2014). The same was observed in Guava-Jamun (Bhardwaj et al., 2016) and Gongura chutney (Kowsalya et al., 2018). The percentage of total sugars and reducing sugars were increased over a storage time. Among the treatments, total sugar percentages ranged from 42.40 to 46.36% and reduced sugars from 4.65 to 10.46%. The percent of the increase was maximum in T1 (100:00) and minimum in T7 (50: 50) in the case of both parameters. The conversion of insoluble polysaccharides into simple sugars led to a gradual rise in the sugar content. (Policarpo et al., 2007; Menezes et al., 2011) The same was observed in Bael-mango chutney (Sharma et al., 2019).
 
Sensory evaluation
 
The sensory parameters showed a considerable drop in chutney, as recorded in Table 2. The varying colour of the prepared papaya-tomato blend chutney was recorded by matching the colour with the Royal Horticultural society’s Colour Chart (Wilson 1938). the colour varied differently for each storage interval. Comparatively, less colour change was observed in T5 (50:50) and maximum variation occurred in T1 (100:00) from 40 A-40B (vivid reddish-orange). In the case of flavour, texture and consistency, T6 (55: 45) and T7 (50: 50) were most acceptable. At the same time, T1(100:00) and T2 (95:05) were the least acceptable due to more significant changes. The appearance of the chutney ranged from glossiness and opaqueness to dullness. T5 (65: 35), T6 (55: 45) and T7 (50: 50) showed the same appearance of opaqueness, but T1(100:00) and T2 (95:05) showed dullness on the 90th day of the storage period.

Table 2: Effect of a different combination of papaya- tomato blend chutney on different sensory parameters at different storage periods.



The overall acceptability rating was considered based on all the parameters. The pattern of overall acceptability rating declined considerably from 8.93 to 5.89 as the storage time progressed but varied with different treatments. The changes like appearance, flavour texture and consistency are due to chemical changes or enzymatic and non-enzymatic variations in its composition. For example, a low temperature slows reactions such as oxidation, caramelization and enzymatic activity, leading to a loss of colour, look, texture and taste. A similar result was also seen in Guava- Papaya blend chutney (Kumar et al., 2020) and wild pomegranate chutney (Thakur et al., 2018).

Regarding biochemical parameters, the maximum variation was noticeable in T1 (100:00) and the minimum variation was noticeable in T7 (50: 50). These biochemical variations ultimately affected the sensory changes in the chutney. Hence due to lesser changes acceptance rate was higher in T7 (50: 50).

CONCLUSION

From the observation of 90 days period, it was found that chutney made from an equal proportion i.e, 50% Papaya: and 50% tomato (T7), emerged as the best treatment across all the other treatments. Also, statistically, it has a significant impact on quality aspects as compared to control. The study has shown the best way to preserve papaya is by making delicious chutney with minimum damage even after 90 days. To arrive at more conclusive findings, it may be necessary to do more research to identify other relevant metrics, such as total phenolic compound concentration, viscosity and ash content.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

None.

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