The recent developments of the urban areas climate changes in the ecosystem and decreasing of the arable land became the pressurized problems for all the producers of the present world. Ghasemi
Ghehsareh et al., (2020). Moreover organic agriculture optimizes the application of boicomposts to improve soil fertility and productivity while minimizing the environmental implications and also it is necessary for sustainable agriculture
(Masunga et al., 2016; Askari et al., 2020). Conversion of agricultural wastes into biocomposts will reduce the pressure of chemical fertilizers and also take the important role in conditioning the nutrients in the soil as the main source of nutrient for agricultural soil. According to
Sakthivigneswari and Vijayalakshmi, (2016) the best way to save the soil is to convert the organic residues to vermicomposts and it can be used as an efficient fertilizer, it contains all the necessary enzymes, vitamins and substances that are used for the plant growth. The commonly used earthworm species for the vermicompost process are
Eisenia fetida,
Eudrilus euginea (Blouin et al., 2019; Gupta et al., 2020; Ceritoglu et al., 2021). Black gram is the important pulse crop which grows throughout India for it is the major source of protein hence a lot of efforts are being put to enhance the crop.
(Gomathinayagam et al., 2021). Among the entire legumes black gram is an important crop which is grown in India. And it contains 24% of protein, 60% of carbohydrate and 1.3% of fat. It is commonly called as ‘urd’ or ‘urd bean’ through its ability it fixes the atmospheric nitrogen and improves the soil fertility with its root nodules
(Shekhawat et al., 2018). The main aim of this present study is to evaluate the effect of paddy and coffee husk vermicompost on the growth at 20,40and 60 days after sowing (DAS) and yield parameters (90
th Day) of black gram (
Vigna mungo L.).
The pot culture experimental study was conducted from June to August 2019 at St. Joseph’s College for Women (A), Visakhapatnam and Andhra Pradesh situated at (17°43'07"N, 83°17'13"E).
Collection of Agro-industrial wastes
The paddy and coffee husks were collected from nearby villages in Visakhapatnam District of Andhra Pradesh. The wastes which were collected for the study were sun-dried and preserved for further study. The collected raw samples were used for the pre-decomposition with the incorporation of
Pleurotu seous,
Pleurotus florida spawn and
Trichoderma asperelloides, it is done in six pits each with the measurement of 1.5 feet in length and 4 square feet width, the composts were given the following names C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6. After 30 days of the pre-decomposition process, the samples were filled in plastic trays of 50x20x20 cm for the further process of vermicompost. 15 exotic earthworms
Eisenia fetida were added to the respective trays and left for 60 days for the composting process. This whole process was done from January to March 2019.
Collection of seeds
The viable seeds of black gram were collected from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The viable seeds were used for the pot culture experiments.
The experimental pot cultures with the treatments
The pot culture experiments were carried out with 6 treatments respectively, all the pots were filled with the paddy and coffee husk vermicompost and 7 kg of red sandy loamy soil was used. Viable seeds were sown in each pot nearly 5 plants were maintained for the study in all the treatments triplicates were maintained. The following treatments are used for the study.
Statistical analysis
The obtained results on 20, 40 and 60 DAS for vegetative parameters and the yield parameters on 90 DAS were analyzed statistically using One-way and Two -way ANOVA (Sigma stat 3.1).
Impact of paddy and coffee husk as the biocompost and its effect on the vegetative parameters of
Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper.
Treatment 6 (Pre decomposed Coffee husk, Consortium of
Pleurotus eous,
P.
florida,
Trichoderma asperelloides and
Eisenia fetida) showed the maximum growth in vegetative parameters of
Vigna mungo as it is shown in Tables (1 and 2). Root length was observed to be increasing from 20Days after sowing (DAS) to 60 DAS in treatment 6 (7.9,12.2 and 16.5 cm) followed by treatment 3 (6.1,11.3and15.6 cm) as it is compared to control (3.1,7.3 and 11.6 cm ). Shoot length increased gradually in the treatment 6 (11.8, 25.8 and 30.7 cm) followed by the treatment 3 (11.1, 25.2 and 29.1 cm) compared to the control (8.2, 18.6 and 24.9 cm). Similar results were correlated with
Raihing and Vijayalakshmi, (2022) in black gram with the application of vegetable and fruit waste, shoot length was found to be more in treatment-8 (56.9, 62.1 and 71.5 cm) and root length in treatment 8 (14.5,17.2 and 18.5 cm).
Number of leaves showed a great increase on 20 to 60 DAS as shown in Table 1 remarkable increase was found in treatment 6 (19.0, 37.0 and 41.0) in comparison with the other treatments and it is followed by treatment 3 (17.0, 32.0 and 39.0) and the control (10.0, 20.0 and 29.0) showed the minimum number of leaves. Similar results were also reported by
Palla et al., 2021) the maximum number of leaves was found to be more at 90 DAS (7.70) in brinjal when it is applied with different inorganic and organic fertilizers.
Number of nodules showed an increase in 40 DAS was found to be decreasing in its number at 60 DAS and treatment 6 (10.0, 30.0 and 17.0) showed a remarkable increase among all the other treatments and the control (4.0, 11.0 and 9.0). Similar results were found in the observations of Sentirenla
Changkija and Gohain, (2018) the maximum number of nodules (14.33) were found in soybean with the application of poultry manure 6 t ha +
Rhizobium @ 20 g Kg
-1 seed+Phosphatica @20 g Kg
-1 (T6).
As is shown in Table 2 maximum fresh weight was found in treatment 6 ( 2.77, 7.37 and 15.39 g) followed by treatment 3 (1.99,6.16 and 15.20 g) and the minimum fresh weight was found in control (1.10,4.01 and 10.97 g) and remarkable dry weight was recorded in treatment 6 (0.52,3.67 and 5.73 g) and it is nearly followed by treatment 3 (0.49, 3.07 and 5.06 g) and the least dry weight was recorded in control (0.19, 2.01 and 3.07 g). Similar results were in par with the work of
Silpa and Vijayalakshmi, (2022) in
Vigna unguiculata the incorporation of bio compost raw jack fruit peel+
Pleurotus florida +
Eudrilus euginiae in treatment 8 showed the good results in the fresh weight (5.491 g, 9.811 g and 32.516 g) and dry weight (0.855 g, 1.489 g and 3.020 g) of the plant.
As shown in Table 3 the yield parameters of black gram recorded the highest results in the treatment 6 (Pre decomposed coffee husk, consortium of
Pleurotus eous,
P.
florida,
Trichoderma asperelloides and
Eisenia fetida) and it is closely followed by the treatment 3 (Pre decomposed paddy husk, consortium of
Pleurotus eous,
Pleurotus florida,
Trichoderma asperelloides and
Eisenia fetida) when compared to the control and all the other treatments. Treatment 6 (39) showed the maximum number of pods/plant and it is followed by the treatment 3 (37) and the minimum number showed by control (29) as well as the length of the pod was also recorded to be high in treatment 6 (5.6 cm) followed by treatment 3 (5.1 cm) and the lowest is found in control (3.5 cm). The length of the pod was found to be high in the work of
Raihing and Vijayalakshmi, (2021) in treatment 8 (13.00 cm) with the application of fruit waste, cow dung,
P.
eous,
Trichoderma asperelloides and
Eudrilus eugeniae (5 t/ha).
The maximum number of seeds in treatment 6and treatment 3 was found to have the similar results (5) and the control (3) showed the lowest results, similar results were found in soybean with the application of poultry manure 6 t ha +
Rhizobium @ 20 g Kg-1 seed Phosphatica @20 g Kg
-1 (T
6) in the maximum number of seeds/pod (2.83)
(Changkija and Gohain, (2018). The maximum increase is found in the weight of the seeds/pod in treatment 6 (2.384 g) followed by treatment 3 (2.012 g) when it is compared to other treatments and the control (1.012 g), as well as pod fresh weight and dry weight also showed the highest increase in treatment 6 (2.95 and 1.195 g) followed by treatment 3 (2.87 and 1.102 g) the lowest was found in control (1.22 and 0.670 g).
Similar results are correlated with
Kumar et al., (2021) who found the increase in the yield of pea crops 40 to 61% and capsicum crop 14-48% with the application of biomass with matkakhad, rock phosphate, gypsum, patent Kali and lime @ 1% and with the inclusion of
Tricoderma,
Rhizobium,
Azatobacter along with PSB.
Veeral and Kalaimathi, (2021) observed similar results in groundnut plants an increase in the plant height (29.9 cm) in the treatment 7 (Press mud @ 12.5 t/ha+50% RDF and
Rhizobia @ 2 kg ha) and the number of pods/plant (27.4). Significant results were found in cluster bean with the application of chemical fertilizer with
rhizobium (2.5 g). Treatment 16 showed the highest number of pods (221.2)
(Gul et al., 2019). The maximum number of pods/plant (45.94) were found in soya beans with the application of 90 P2O5 level (kg/ha) (
Edwin Luikham et al., 2018).
