Regulation encountered in tea plantation
Earlier, TRA recommended different pesticides [endosulfan, quinalphos, phosphamidon, phosalone, acephate, dimethoate, chlorpyrifos, monocrotophos, oxydemeton methyl, λ-cyhalothrin, β-cyfluthrin, ethofenprox, cartap hydrochloride, alphamethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, profenophos, thiomethoxam, imidacloprid, dicofol, ethion, propargite, fenazaquin, sulfur and neem formulations] for controlling tea pests (
Bakhetia and Sekhon, (1989). During the last several decades, the control of pests, diseases and weeds in tea fields is predominantly by the use of synthetic chemicals. It has harmful effects on human health and environment and presence of undesirable residue. The effective control of pests on tea is essential to ensure the marketability of this crop. However, despite the low consumption of pesticides, India has more problem of pesticide residue than other countries and these have entered into food products and underground water because of the non-prescribed pesticide use, inappropriate advice and supply of pesticides to planters, no nobservance of prescribed waiting period, use of sub-standard pesticides, effluents from pesticide manufacturing units, continued use of persistent pesticides for public health programmes. Chemical fertilizer has played a major role in the tea plantation from the time of growth to the harvest of tea leaf, chemical fertilizer are majorly used. It is frequently used because it enhanced rapid growth of the tea plantation. The commonly used chemical fertilizer ammonium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, potassium
etc. The commonly used ammonium sulphate constitutes nitrogen 20.6%, sulphate 23%. It is most commonly used it enriches the soil and thereby increasing the growth of the plantation and several bacteria plays a major role in nitrogen fixation (
Wani and Lee 2006).
The use of chemical fertilizer harms the soil and the use of ammonium sulphate in a frequent manner catalyses the brown leaf of the tea plantation due to the lack of magnesium in the plantation. The problem can be over resourced by the use of bio fertilizer phosphorous solubilising bacteria; vesicular abscularmycorvhiza could be loaded or broad spectrum bio fertilizer
(Byrappa et al., (2012). Integrated pest management (IPM) is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices and use of resistant varieties. Pest control materials are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and non-target organisms and the environment. Pest prone sections will be kept free from weeds and alternate host plants. For tea mosquito bug control, thinning out the shade trees in heavy shaded areas, removal of all the infested shoots to check the population, follow hard plucking or level of skiff in heavily infested section and during cold weather practices.
Regulation encountered in vegetable
Vegetables are rich in vitamins and minerals. They also contain antioxidants, such as beta-carotene and vitamin C; they also contain fiber. This can help to control cholesterol levels and keep blood sugar levels steady. Many studies encourage eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables each day Regular monitoring of residue levels in fruits and vegetables is so required to keep these products safe. Definitions According to FAO, For humans, apart from occupational exposure, exposure to pesticides is indirect from food and drinking water. Multiple routes of exposure to pesticides can be encountered in humans; occupational exposure is mainly for people handling the products. Farmers are a particularly exposed population; in agriculture, the exposure is mainly cutaneous and rarely oral; the absorption of pesticides by the skin is revealed as the most significant route. One study showed that wearing a protective suit did not completely prevent operator skin contamination with dithiocarbamate fungicides. In several epidemiological studies, there has been a significant association of pesticide
(Khedkar et al., (2012). This lead to the occurrence of certain types of cancer such as cancers of the lips, prostate, stomach, kidneys, brain, but also most cancers of the hematopoietic system (leukemia, multiple myeloma and especially non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma), cutaneous melanoma. On other occasion it may be due to the mechanical damage and abnormal environmental diseases onion root pink disease picked up primarily in the onion pathogen and it can go up to depth (1.5 ft) deep. Early light of potato is a common disease in the potato farming site. The disease primarily affects the leaves and item under the favourable weather condition. The same relevance occour on the tomato where the leaf spot ate “bull eye” and the development of the patterned leaf spots are absorbed. This relevance can be avoided by the usage of bio fertilizer as it regards the resistance against the bacterial and the fungal disease on the vegetable. The use of chemical fertilizer has been effective but if regulates serious health problem in when consumed and affects the soil resources. Some common diseases include. Fire blight (
Bacillus arnylovorus) the most striking characteristics of fire blight are the browning of leaves and blackening of twigs
(Dhaliwal et al., (2010). Fire blight is so called because in severe cases whole part may appear to have been scorched. The disease is caused by a bacterium and is very contagious. Usually the microbe is carried to the tree by insects which visit the flowers or twigs. When it is deposited on a flower it multiplies very rapidly and the blossom is blackened and killed. This phase of the disease is known as blossom blight. The infection may extend along under the bark, killing and blackening the twig and often progressing into the branches. It may also get into the trunk, either through wounds or through shoots growing out from the trunk and may then cause the so-called body blight. When it gets into the base of the root it may cause what is known as collar rot or collar blight. This selected and treated seed should be planted on soil which has not grown beans for several years. If the disease appears, the vines should not be cultivated when they are wet, since this may infect other plant. Blight (
Pseudomonas phaseoli) all of the above-ground parts are susceptible to blight. The disease is very noticeable on the leaves, where it may form large water soaked areas which later become thin and papery. All of the leaves may sometimes be very seriously affected. Downy Mildew, Downy mildew is usually not serious in Minnesota. It attacks the pods and leaves and sometimes the stems.
Entomopathogenic nematode in pest control
Selection of an EPN for control of a particular pest insect is based on several factors that include the nematode’s host range, host finding or foraging strategy, tolerance of environmental factors and their effects on survival and efficacy (temperature, moisture, soil type, exposure to ultraviolet light, salinity and organic content of soil, means of application, agrochemicals and others (
Klein 1990). The 4 most critical factors are moisture, temperature, pathogenicity for the targeted insect. Within a favorable range of temperatures, adequate moisture and a susceptible host, those EPNs with a mobile foraging strategy (cruisers and intermediate foraging strategies) could be considered for use in subterranean and certain above-ground habitats foliar and cryptic habitats
(Singh et al., 2011). However, the fact will remain that other advancements are needed to strengthen the efficacy and the field host range beyond the current target insects, crops and environment (
Wani and Lee (1995 ). (examples: root maggots, flea beetles, corn rootworms, cucumber beetles and wireworms). Entomopathogenic nematode are soil inhabiting, lethal insects parasite that baling to the phylum nematode and they are proven to be most effective as biological control organism.
