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Agricultural Science Digest, volume 41 issue 4 (december 2021) : 600-604

Management of Root-knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita on Mulberry with Passiflora foetida

P. Victoria Rani1,*, N. Vijaya Kumary1
1Department of Sericulture, Sri Padmavati Mahila University, Tirupati-517 501, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Cite article:- Rani Victoria P., Kumary Vijaya N. (2021). Management of Root-knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita on Mulberry with Passiflora foetida . Agricultural Science Digest. 41(4): 600-604. doi: 10.18805/ag.D-5229.

ABSTRACT

Background: The root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita Chit wood infesting mulberry is economically important in silk industry as it affects the leaf yield both quantitatively and qualitatively which in turn affects the silkworm Bombyx mori L., growth and cocoon yield because its foliage is the sole food source of silkworm.

Methods: Hence a pot experiment was conducted for the evaluation of efficacy of eco-friendly formulate like botanical extract from Passiflora foetida L., to manage nematode disease severity applied as soil amendment and aqueous leaf extract on nematode egg hatching. 

Result: After treatment, nematode infestation reduced significantly in terms of number of root knots/ g root weight and nematode egg masses / g root weight in mulberry plants and the treated plants showed better growth in shoot and root length compared to control plants. The aqueous extract of P. foetida showed maximum inhibition of egg hatchability with an increase in the concentration of plant extract.

INTRODUCTION

Mulberry (Morus sps) is highly valuable plant for sericulture, its foliage constitute the main food source for silk worm Bombyx mori L. growth and development.  Mulberry is prone to a number of diseases caused by virus, fungi, bacteria, mycoplasma, nematodes and some pests which cause 10-30% loss in the leaf yield and reduce nutritive values of mulberry leaves (Chanturia, 1963, Shree et al; 1986, Shree and Umeshkumar, 1991). Among the different diseases of mulberry the significant economic loss is caused by the species of nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofaid and White) Chit Wood (Chitwood, 1949). This is a very serious problem in sandy loamy soils under irrigated conditions Narayanan et al., (1966).
        
Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) is important constraints on almost all crops plants in the world and effect not only morphological characters but also impaired in biochemical parameters (Amal et al., 2020). Which causes galls or knots on roots of its host plants and other symptoms that can be observed above ground include stunted growth, wilting, chlorosis, leaf curling and reduced vigour of the plant (Saha et al., 1983).
         
Once the root-knot nematode gets established in the mulberry garden it is difficult to control due to perennial nature of mulberry and endoparasitic nature of nematode. Using chemical nematicides to manage root knot nematodes always creates serious problems to environment as well as plants, animals and human health. Plants posses a source of effective pesticidal compounds Mohd Asif et al., (2017) and may be regarded as an ultimate source of harmless compounds. They are easily biodegradable with low toxicity to plants and human health. Previous studies suggested that, use of botanicals could reduce root knot gall index and prove to be more effective in improving the plant growth characters (Pavaraj et al., 2010; Moosavi, 2012; Muniasamy et al., 2010; Nelaballe and Mukkara, 2013). Hence, the study was carried out to know the efficacy of important eco-friendly method to manage the nematode M. incognita in mulberry using Passiflora foetida L., leaf powder as soil amendment and aqueous leaf extract on nematode egg hatching.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was carried out in the Department of Sericulture, Sri Padmavati Mahila University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, during the period of 2014-2017 (a part of Ph.D work). Passiflora foetida is known to have some nematicidal effects (Vijaya Kumari and Lakshmi Devi, 2013). Hence, P. foetida dry leaf powder and aqueous extract of leaf were taken as treatments to know their effect on the infestation capacity of juveniles and nematode egg hatching.
 
a. Efficacy of Passiflora foetida aqueous leaf extract on nematode egg hatching
 
Preparation of leaf extract
 
Leaves were collected from the Passiflora foetida (Plate 1, iii), plants are washed thoroughly with water and were air dried for one hour. 5 grams of P. foetida leaf sample was ground well with the addition of 25 ml of acetone in pestle and mortar. The leaf extract was centrifuged at 3000 rpm per 5 min and filter was allowed for evaporation of acetone. The filtered extract was served as 100% stock or crude extract. From stock solution different dilutions i.e., 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% were prepared by adding necessary volume of sterile distilled water (Plate 1, iv).

Plate 1: Nematode management.


 
Effect of leaf extract on egg hatching
 
Three uniform sized egg masses of M. incognita were picked from infested mulberry roots and were transferred to petri plates containing 5 ml of different concentrations of the leaf extract and made three batches. Egg masses placed in distilled water served as control. Egg hatching was observed in each batch at the intervals of 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs.
 
b. Efficacy of Passiflora foetida dry leaf powder as soil amendments on nematode inhibition
 
For this experiment, mulberry cuttings were planted in pots containing sterilized soil. After three months of establishment of cuttings only one cutting was retained in each pot. Then 1000 juveniles/plant were inoculated as ECL (Economic Threshold Level and Crop Loss) (Govindaiah et al., 1991b; Sharma, 1999a) along with one gram of Passiflora leaf powder for treatment. Sixty days after application, the nematode pathogencity was observed by studying the number of root galls/g of root weight, number of egg masses/g root weight, simultaneously plant growth parameters like shoot and root length were calculated by comparing treated plants with control.
 
Statistical analysis
 
All the experimental data collected in three replicates has been subjected to statistical analysis (SPSS-2.0 Version). The analysis of variance has been done to find out the significant differences between the control and infested plants for the T-test and Two way ANOVA test following the procedures laid down in Agricultural statistics (Rangaswamy, 2000).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

a. Effect of Passiflora foetida leaf extract on nematode egg hatching
 
The egg hatching was recorded in treatments of leaf extraction of Passiflora foetida leaf at different concentrations (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) in different periodical intervals (24, 48 and 72 hours). The results are presented in the Table 1 (Fig 1).
 

Table 1: Efficacy of Passiflora foetida leaf extraction on nematode egg hatching.


 

Fig 1: Nematode egg hatching treated with Passiflora foetida leaf extract.


 
i. At 24 hours
 
The number of nematode juveniles hatched at 25% concentration was 9.33, whereas in control the number of nematode juveniles hatched was 69.33. The percentage of hatching inhibition was 86.54 over the control. In 50% concentration the number of nematode juveniles hatched was observed as 6.00, while in control it was 69.33. The percentage of hatching inhibition was 91.34 over the control.
        
In 75% concentration the number of nematode juveniles hatched was observed as 5.66, while in control it was 69.33. The percentage of hatching inhibition was 91.83 over the control. The number of nematode juveniles hatched in 100% concentration was recorded as 3.66 and in control it was 69.33. The percentage of hatching inhibition was 94.72 over the control.
 
ii. At 48 hours
 
The number of nematode juveniles hatched in 25% concentration was observed as 13.00, whereas in case of control it was 75.00. The percentage of egg hatching inhibition was 82.66 over the control. In 50% concentration the number of nematode juveniles hatched was found as 10.00, but in control it was 75.00. The percentage of egg hatching inhibition was 86.66 over the control.
        
In 75% concentration the number of nematode juveniles hatched was recorded as 6.33, against the control which was 75.00. The percentage of egg hatching inhibition was 91.56 over the control. The number of nematode juveniles hatched in 100% concentration was observed as 5.33 and in control it was 75.00. The percentage of hatching inhibition was 92.89 over the control.
 
iii. At 72 hours
 
The number of nematode juveniles hatched in 25% concentration was observed as 17.66, however in control it was 90.67. The percentage of hatching inhibition was 80.52 over the control. In 50% concentration the number of nematode juveniles hatched was recorded as 12.66 and in the control it was 90.67. The percentage of hatching inhibition was 86.03 over the control.
        
In 75% concentration the number of nematode juveniles hatched was observed as 8.00, whereas in the control it was 90.67.The percentage of hatching inhibition was 91.17 over the control. The number of nematode juveniles hatched in 100% concentration was showed as 7.00, while in the control it was 90.67.The percentage of hatching inhibition was 92.27 over the control.
        
In the present study it was revealed that the leaf extract concentrations and exposure time significantly affected nematode hatching. The inhibitory effect of the extracts could be due to the presence of toxic compounds in the leaf extracts that might be responsible for nematicidal effect.
 
b. Efficacy of Passiflora foetida dry leaf powder as soil amendments on nematode inhibition
 
The results pertaining to the nematode pathogenicity parameters viz. number of root galls/g root weight, number of egg masses/g root weight and plant morphological parameters viz. shoot length and root length in control (infested) and treated plants were recorded and presented in the Table 2 (Fig 2).
 

Table 2: Efficacy of Passiflora foetida dry leaf powder as soil amendments on nematode inhibition.


 

Fig 2: Efficacy of Passiflora foetida dry leaf powder as soil amendments on nematode inhibition.


 
1. Nematode pathogenicity parameters
 
i. Number of root galls/g root weight
 
The number of root galls/ g root weight recorded in the control mulberry plants was 68.33 and in the Passiflora foetida treated plants, it was observed as 13.33 with a percentage of reduction 80.49 over control (Plate 1, i and ii).
 
ii. Number of egg masses/g root weight
 
The number of egg masses/g root weight in Passiflora foetida treated plants was 10.33 compared to control plants wherein it was 59.67 with a percentage of reduction was 82.68.
 
2. Morphological parameters
 
i. Shoot length (cm)
 
The shoot length of control mulberry plants was observed as 54.50 cm whereas it was 58.02 cm in plants treated with Passiflora foetida with a percentage of increased 6.45 over control.
 
ii. Root length (cm)
 
In case of control mulberry plants, the root length was observed as 25.33 cm and in Passiflora foetida treated plants it was 34.08 cm with a percentage of increased 34.54 over control.
        
In the present study, Passiflora foetida leaf powder reduced nematode infestation considerably and the plant growth parameters were increased. Passiflora foetida leaf powder was used as soil amendment to control root knot nematode in mulberry. It was found that maximum percentage of reductions was observed in root knots/galls (80.49) and in egg masses (82.68) per gram root weight when compared to nematode infested plants.
        
Passiflora foetida constitute the major bioactive phytochemicals like passifloricins, polyketide, alpha-pyrones, alkaloids, phenols, glycosides, flavonoids and cyanogenic compounds (Echeverri et al., 2001 and Dhawan et al., 2004). The Passiflora foetida leaf powder during the process of decomposition in the soil releases some biochemical metabolites which are known to have nematicidal properties and contributing in reducing the nematode pathogenicity and accelerated rapid root and shoot growth development and overall plant growth consequently help the plants to develop resistance against nematode attack.

CONCLUSION

Root knot disease caused by nematode Meloidogyne incognita is a most serious problem in mulberry and is found in almost all sericulture practicing countries. Infestation of root knot nematodes reduces the yield and quality of leaves which in turn affects the silk worm growth and quality cocoon production. And finally it leads to economic loss in silk farmers. Use of synthetic nematicides to manage nematodes, cause very harmful effects on human health and environment. Therefore, it is better to the use of cheap, eco-friendly and harmless methods of plant extracts and products. The Passiflora foetida leaf powder has nematicidal properties, contribute in reducing the nematode pathogenicity.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author is thank full to U.G.C for sanctioning F.I.P. (Faculty Improvement Program) to carry out research work and also grate full to supervisor and staff members of Sericulture Department, Sri Padmavati Mahila University, Tirupati for providing facilities to carryout research work.

REFERENCES


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