Feed intake, weight gain and feed cost
Feed intake, weight gain feed to gain ratio (Table 2) were statistically similar (p>0.05) across all the treatments. However, there was difference (p<0.05) in cost of daily feed intake and feed cost per kg gain. The daily weight gain (25.56-29.33g/d) observed in the present study was within the range reported for West African Dwarf goats
(Ilori et al., 2013). The daily weight gain was higher than values reported by Ogunmoye (1995), but lower than average daily weight recorded for WAD goats in hot-humid zone of rain forest
(Oni et al., 2010). The differences in DWG in this study and the previous reports could be related to the nature of the diets and ecological location (hot-humid vs hot-dry) of the experiments.
The feed cost per kg gain observed (
N 664.24-1193.37) in this study was higher compared with
N170.30-290.10 reported by
Makun et al., (2013), but lower than
N 1590.12-1795.60 recorded for WAD goats fed brewers’ dried grain basal diet
(Babale et al., 2018). The differences in feed cost/kg gain found between this study and the previous reports could be due to the different breeds (Red Sokoto and Sahelian goat vs West African Dwarf) used in the experiments and also the nutritional quality of the experimental diets.
Nutrient digestibility
The apparent digestibility (Table 3) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), crude protein (CP) and gross energy (GE) were altered (p<0.05) across the treatments. The trend of nutrient digestibility in this study shows that the apparent digestibility of NDF and ADF decreased across the treatments, while DM digestibility increased with level of cottonseed cake replacement with broiler litter. The trend could be explained in relation to nutrient composition of the experimental diets (Table 1) both NDF and ADF contents decreased with levels of CSC replacement with BL. Besides, NDF is known to correlate negatively with rate of feed digestion (Casler and Jung, 2006) while ADF indirectly correlates to gross energy. Hence, animals on treatments with lower NDF contents tended to empty their rumen contents at faster rates than animals on control or on lower levels of broiler litter inclusion. Similarly, increasing ADF concentration across the treatments reduced gross energy contents hence the low digestible energy and its apparent digestibility. The result of this study disagrees with
Makun et al., (2013) who reported no difference (p>0.05) in DM, NDF and ADF digestibility of Red Sokoto and Sahelian goats fed CSC based diet. The finding was, however, similar to report by
Ilori et al., (2013) who observed difference (p<0.05) in DM, CP and fibre digestibility of WAD goats supplemented with baobab fruit meal in a wheat offal concentrate diet. The differences observed in this study and other reports could be related to the different types of test and basal feeds fed to the experimental animals.
Nitrogen intake, nitrogen loss and nitrogen balance
Nitrogen balance (Table 4) was different (p<0.05) across the treatments; however, nitrogen intake, nitrogen losses and percentage nitrogen retained were similar (p>0.05). The absence of differences in nitrogen intake can be attributed to a nearly similar CP content between broiler litter and cottonseed cake used in formulating experimental diets. Though the trend of nitrogen balance in this result was not consistent to the replacement levels, animals on 100% replacement level showed higher nitrogen balance. This finding revealed that animals on treatment diets had similar nitrogen intake and nitrogen retention to animals on the control diet. The nitrogen retained (80.74-82.76%) in the present study was higher than previous report for WAD goats fed ensiled mixtures of elephant grass (
Pennisetum purpureum) with legume beans (Ajayi, 2011), but similar result was recorded for WAD goats fed different browse plants (
Moringa oleifera, Leucaena leucocephala and
Gliricidia sepium)
(Asaolu et al., 2011). The reason for different nitrogen balances between our results and previous reports could be associated with different nitrogen intake observed in the experiments.
Haematology and serum biochemistry
Blood haematology and serum biochemistry is presented as Table 5. The total red blood cells (TRBC) was slightly low but within a normal range (5-8 × 10
12/L); TRBC below the normal value is associated to an underlying haem parasitic infection or poor nutrition (Paul and Dey 2015). The total white blood cell counts (TWBC) were within the normal values of 4-13 × 10
9 /L, hence the animals were healthy
(Al-Bulushi et al., 2017). The observation on blood haematology in the present work was previously confirmed by
Singh et al., (2002) that feeding poultry litter to cross-bred calves did not cause any health threats.
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) across treatments were within normal values (12-26 mg/dl) which suggested that the kidneys and liver were functioning well since BUN levels provide information to renal physiology
(Ostfeld et al., 2010). The higher BUN concentration observed in treatment groups was an evidence that BL contains high uric acid content
(Liang et al., 2011), which is quickly degraded in the rumen to ammonia, thus excess ammonia that is not utilize by rumen microbes or absorbed via rumen walls is converted to urea by the liver
(Jin et al., 2018). Urea is then either recycled via saliva or excreted in the urine; nonetheless, urea is secreted via milk
(Guliński et al., 2016).
The range of blood glucose (48.42-68.58 mg/dl) observed in the study was higher than values reported for WAD goats fed dried cassava leaves plus guinea grass as basal feed
(Daramola et al., 2005). Nevertheless, the high blood glucose level recorded in this study contradicted glucose levels observed in WAD goats fed groundnut haulms and cowpea husk supplemented with brewers’ dried grain
(Babale et al., 2019). The variation in blood glucose levels between the present study and the previous reports could be associated to carbohydrate intake and the energy content of the experimental diets.
