Identification of Social Dynamic of the Economic Smallholders of Palm Oil Plannation on Keerom District of Papua

Indonesia’s economic plantation sector has a strategic role, among others as a Labor absorber, food provider, the support of the manufacturing industry growth and as a source of foreign exchange. Rise of the plantation sector is expected to boost growth, equitable, economic and improve the welfare of rural communities, especially oil palm farms. Industries were undertaken by synergizing the State plantation company, private plantation companies as the core and plantation folk as plasma in the pattern of the Core Country Plantation (PIR) (Fortin 2011; Sukapti 2019).
        
Ironically, the Core Country Plantation pattern (PIR) for smallholders demonstrates a lower average production at the national level (Bissonnette and De Koninck 2015). One of them includes farmers in Keerom district. Low productivity from planters also resulted in low revenues, constraints on fulfillment of basic needs and increased uprise, hostility and crime among various social relationships that resulted in various conflicts (Williams 2001). The conflict is in the form of a vertical conflict between the local government, society and the company, between the central government, the city and village governments and the horizontal conflict, namely the conflicts between the outside parties in society (Hooghe and Marks 2003; Irwandi and Chotim 2017). The conflict caused severe problems within the oil palm plantations, causing low productivity.
        
Plantation productivity is still low, a factor that is serious enough for people to live in life because it is directly related to the economy (Wicke et al., 2008). Explained that the production factor was very determined by the massive expenditure that was acquired. The production factor of land, labor, capital (seed, fertilizer and pesticides is an important production factor. These factors are influenced as a significant base of productivity.
        
With these fundamentals, the development of PIR Indonesia and Keerom District with collaboration between the company and plasma farmers showed low agricultural productivity (Turua et al., 2014). Eventually led to the income of lower-income farmers, resulting in constraints to meet basic needs and poverty. Basic needs and ongoing poverty will create social, economic conflicts (Mair and Marti 2006; Agbiboa 2013; Noe et al., 2017). The social, economic conflict that occurred in the gardening was much variation and became a cause of disbelief among the people.
        
Previous research has mentioned several changes along with the development of palm oil plantations, including; changes in the level of community life as a result of changes in the Mastery system and land tenure (Kartodihardjo and Supriono 2000; Mulyoutami 2010; Wicke et al., 2011; Yunita 2017). Changes in the system of livelihood as expressed by McCarthy (2010) Obidzinski et al., (2012). Changes in the agricultural system will lower the ability of the community to develop sustainable livelihoods through diversification, as expressed by Pretty, (2003) Badjeck et al., (2010) Rivai and Anugrah (2016). The plantation has a positive and negative impact on threaded in community life.
        
A meaningful positive change in society because it has encouraged the increase in the lives and welfare of the community, the change of farming system into monoculture also has a negative impact. Some previous researches such as those done by White and Dasgupta (2010) Rist, et al., (2010); Winarso (2017) mention that the clearing of land for oil palm plantations during this time also raises a wide range of impacts on economic, social and the culture of farmers and also has an impact on the environment.
        
Palm oil companies with their existence interfere with the balance of forest ecosystems, resulting in the activity of oil palm plantations can be a threat to local ecologically, which is very large to encourage environmental degradation (Dauvergne and Neville 2010; Yunita 2017). Furthermore, in addition to encouraging the occurrence of changes and also potential vulnerabilities that will occur as a result of the development of oil palm plantations, on the other hand, the policy of development of oil palm monoculture plantations, with The Core Country Plantation system (PIR) is very likely to trigger a very systematic change in the farmer community (McCarthy 2010; Bissonnette 2016; Yunita 2017). Seeing the phenomenon of oil palm plantations that grow in a very systematic manner, it is interesting also to know what social and economic changes have occurred in the community as the development of coconut plantations palm oil.

This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach. The informant in this study were farmers and administrators in the Core Country Plantation (PIR). This approach is intended to get a real picture and be evaluated on Community economic empowerment strategies and policies. A qualitative approach is a method used to find knowledge of the subject of research at any given moment. In this descriptive study, the collection of information on the topic of study and behavior of research subjects was conducted in a certain period to provide an idea of the symptoms or circumstances present at the time of the study (Bogdan and Biklen 1997; Neergaard et al., 2009). Researchers were trying to illustrate the events that occur as the focus of attention to be outlined as they were.
        
Data collection in the study with two types of data is primary data and secondary data (Ritchie and Spencer 2002). Primary Data obtained from the main source of interviews, with 40 people in the area of research and informants that provide information through FGD. Other primary data were observation data such as studying the state of the yard, farm 3/4 and the planning and management of 2 hectares of fields, decline in production, poverty, unemployment, social conflict, impact of social conflicts and impact empowerment of planters through the central government program, the Papua province program, the Keerom District program, other programs, or related to the issue of this research.
        
We conducted data analysis according to (Creswell and Creswell 2017) suggestion where data analysis goes hand in hand with other parts of the development of qualitative studies, namely, data collection and writing the findings. While the interview were ongoing, we analyzed the conversations that were collected previously, write memos that could eventually be included as narratives in the final report and arranged the structure of the final report. Based on the writings of Percy, (2015), thematic analysis is the process used to analyze qualitative data, we analyzed and explored all interview transcripts, field notes and reflective journals to determine the research theme. When analyzing the data collected, researchers followed the framework of the guidelines offered by Creswell and Creswell (2017) consisting of Step 1. Arranged and prepared data for analysis; Step 2. Read or see all data; Step 3. Started coding all data; Step 4. Used the coding process to produce a description of settings or people as well as categories or themes for analysis; Step 5. Determine how the story and item would be represented in a qualitative narrative and Step 6. The final step in data analysis involved making interpretations in qualitative research of findings or results. Ask, “What lessons can be learned?” Capturing the essence of this idea. In presenting data, we refered to Chenail (1995), writing that one strategy for presenting data starts from the easiest to the most difficult one so that data presentation is easier to understand.

This section contains research results and discussions related to the research results. This research shows the results of interviews, FGD results and documentation. The discussion section, researchers discuss the results deeply and compare them with previous research to find similarities or differences between these studies with previously implemented studies.
 
Resultant economic, social dynamics of smallholder plantation of palm kernel in District, Keerom, Papua
 
The definition of a conflict of economic operations as an indicator of relevance as the strength of productivity. Income, needs of families, family health, family education and employment. This study will also identify poor indigenous farmers, primarily indigenous or indigenous leaders who have handed over environmental rights to the PIR farm but faced with the vulnerability, which resulted in a challenge in the management of plantations of an area of 2 Especially in the problem of the fulfillment of family needs.
 
Before joining the PIR program
 
Poverty and unemployment that complicate people’s lives can spark a social, economic conflict, one of the ways to prevent potential conflicts is by establishing equitable economic welfare (Trijono 2007). The decline of oil palm productivity in Keerom district causes prolonged poverty and causes social, economic conflict. From the results of the research obtained by the community is quite low. Because the plantation yields a little because of the lack of knowledge of oil farmers how to plant and take care of palm plantation. Low community income leads to a variety of economic, social conflicts. Among them deficiencies to meet the needs of families, shortcomings in terms of health handling, low education of society.
        
From the conclusion of Table 1, interviews and focus group discussion (FGD) showed the community Districts Keerom had a low income due to low oil production, difficulties in the weaving of daily needs, the community had low education, communities had poor health, the majority of the work of gardening communities.
 

 
After following the PIR program
 
The PIR program is one of the government programs in the efforts to poverty alleviation, one of which is poverty alleviation in the border of eastern Indonesia in Papua Districts Keerom. The PIR Program is done using oil palm plantation cooperation, PIR itself already has a cooperation of its own, also has been applied in several areas that have had a positive impact. One of the agricultural cooperative system of the Core Country Plantation, the establishment of Core Country Plantation (large plantations) and small plantations or plasma plantations that belong to the local community. In the process of cooperation, community plantations are guided in the process of plantation maintenance so that it has a positive impact on local people. The results showed positive results for the local community, in cooperation with the PIR Community income increased, health was more assured and more educational communities were higher.
        
Data in Table 2 show that, from 2007 to 2011 the highest production of Plasma Garden in 2009 with total production of 11.572 kg/hec/year. While the highest production of Garden KKPA took place in 2011 with a total production of 11, 914kg/hec/year. From the results of the identification that the production of PIR cooperation program is higher in comparison with KKPA. The results showed a positive poverty alleviation program for the people of Keerom district. 
 

 
Belong to the problems above the community still, have less income or still under the standard because it has not been biased to meet the needs of families (Ferrer-i-Carbonell 2005; Pratama 2014) The variable of income had a negative relationship with poverty following the theory that higher the income will lower the rate of poverty. Social, economic conflicts also led to a low level of health in the regency of Keerom Papua. The results of the study (Sandy and Irmanto 2014) showed that the social, economic conflict in Keerom caused worm infections in elementary school students in Keerom district. The results of another study mentioned that the border area of environmental health status was still ugly or low (Senewe and Wiryawan 2012). The community’s immersion in Keerom district was still low, due to low-income communities. As with the research results (Sandy and Irmanto 2014)  showed that education was one of the main factors in the development of Keerom district. To improve people’s welfare in the government’s poverty alleviation program, one of them is to raise the Core Country Plantation program (PIR).
        
The PIR Model of the oil palm plantation was an essential driver of economic development in Indonesia through their contribution to the country’s income and the provision of job opportunities in the village area (Syahza 2007; Fauzi et al., 2012; Susila and Setiawan 2016). The developmental activities of palm oil plantations provided an external influence that was positive or beneficial to the surrounding area (Syahza 2011). The benefits of this plantation activity to the economic aspects of the border area quite positive. Among others, there were opportunities for food, employment and business opportunities, improving the welfare of the surrounding community and contributing to regional development. Some developmental activities that directly have impact on the economic components of the local community and the culture of the surrounding community. The development activities of Community resources, development of infrastructure that could be utilized by the local community, the absorption of human resources, agriculture, health and education and the corporate tax on the country. From the research study, the PIR program gave a crucial ingredient to the farmer or community in Keerom District.

Research results show that low oil plantation productivity any causes socio-economic conflicts: 1) Low palm plantation results in low community income. 2) low oil palm plantation results in the community being unable to meet the needs of the family. 3) low palm plantation results in reduced public health. 4) low oil plantation results in the community not able to get educated Well worth it. 5) results of the low palm plantation resulted in the community having no capital to find another additional job for the needs of the family. From the results of the identification above the government launched Core Country Plantation program (PIR) and had a positive impact on Papua’s border areas in Keerom District, the PIR program is said to be successful in addressing the social, economic dynamics occurring In the border area of the Papua regency of Keerom. The PIR Program has an impact on palm oil production increases and has an impact on increased community income, the needs of a family, a well-deserved community, improving the public, gaining a decent education and People can get additional jobs with a little bit of income for trading capital and livestock. The limitations of this research do not do mix method research to get qualitative and quantitative comparative data. Thus research becomes stronger and will get better results.