Agricultural Reviews

  • Chief EditorPradeep K. Sharma

  • Print ISSN 0253-1496

  • Online ISSN 0976-0741

  • NAAS Rating 4.84

Frequency :
Quarterly (March, June, September & December)
Indexing Services :
AGRICOLA, Google Scholar, CrossRef, CAB Abstracting Journals, Chemical Abstracts, Indian Science Abstracts, EBSCO Indexing Services, Index Copernicus
Submit

Agricultural Reviews, volume 33 issue 2 (june 2012) : 122 - 134

DISTILLERY EFFLUENT: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS- A review

K. Kukreja, D.K. Gahlot, S. Suneja
1Department of Microbiology, CCS Haryana Agriculturaql University, Hisar-125 004, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Kukreja K., Gahlot D.K., Suneja S. (2024). DISTILLERY EFFLUENT: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS- A review. Agricultural Reviews. 33(2): 122 - 134. doi: .

ABSTRACT

Distillery effluent generally known as spent wash is considered one of the worst pollutants produced by industries. For every litre of alcohol 12-15 litres of spent wash is produced which has got appreciable amounts of organic load, high biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and is highly acidic in nature. To decrease the BOD and COD values, several distilleries have installed the biomethanation units but still contains high concentrations of organic pollutants and can not be discharged directly. Spent wash being plant originated, contains large quantities of soluble organic matter and plant nutrients, therefore, spent wash if utilized rationally and in appropriate concentration for crop production can prove to be a good source of nutrients and is expected to solve the problem of waste disposal. The purpose of this review is to discuss and summarize the available data on problems and prospects of distillery spent wash.

REFERENCES

  1. Aoshima, I., Tozawa, Y., Ohmomo, S. and Ueda, K. (1985). Production of decolourizing activity for molasses pigment by Criolus versicolor.Ps4a. Agric. Biol. Chem. 49 : 2041-2045.
  2. Babu, R. S., Saralabai, V. C., Muralidharan, K. S. and Vivekanandan, M. (1996). Foliar application of distillery spent wash as a liquid fertilizer for betterment of growth of Sorghum vulgare and Cajanus cajan. J. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. Totowa, N.J. Human press. 59 (1) : 87-91.
  3. Banerjee, A. C., Bajwa, I. and Behal, K. K. (2004). Effect of distillery effluent on growth of Casuarina equisetifolia. J. Indus. Poll. Cont. 20 (2): 199-204.
  4. Baskar, M., Kayalvizhi, C. and Bose, M. S. C. (2003). Eco-friendly utilization of distillery effluent in agriculture review. Agri. Rev. 24 (1) : 16-30.
  5. Bhalerao, V. P., Jadhav, M. B. and Bhoi, P. G. (2005). Effect of distillery’s biomethanated effluent on yield, quality of adsali sugarcane and soil properties. Co-operative Sugar. 36 (8) : 653-659.
  6. Bhalerao, V. P., Jadhav, M. B., Power, A. B. and Bhoi, P. G. (2004). Effect of pre-sowing application and fertigation of secondary treated biomethanated effluent on soil property and growth of green manuring crop. Co-operative Sugar. 36 (2) : 155-159.
  7. Biswas, A. K., Kundu, S., Saha, J. K. and Raman, S. (2005). Loss of nitrate from soil treated with spent wash. J. Environ & Ecol. 23 (1) :84-87.
  8. Chandra, R., Kumar, K. and Singh, J. (2004). Impact of anaerobically treated and untreated (raw) distillery effluent irrigation on soil microflora, growth, total chlorophyll and protein contents of Phaseolus aureus L. J. Environ. Bio. 25 (4) : 381-385.
  9. Das, A. K. (1990). Energy from distillery effluent. Chemical Engg. World (CEW). 15 : 49.
  10. Deora, A., Kukreja, K. and Suneja, S. (2008). Effect of digested distillery effluent on seed germination and plant growth of wheat. Research on Crops. 9 (1) : 110-115.
  11. Devarajan, L., Rajannan, G. and Oblisami, G. (1998). National seminar on application of treated effluent for irrigation held at Regional Engineering College, Trichy, 23rd March.
  12. Dikshit, A. K. and Chakraborty, D. (2006). A techno-economic feasibility study on removal of persistent colour and COD from anaerobically digested distillery effluent: a case study from India. Clean Techn. Environ. Policy 8 : 273-285.
  13. Gahlot, D. K., Kukreja, K., Suneja, S. and Dudeja, S. S. (2011). Effect of digested distillery spent wash on nodulation, nutrient uptake and photosynthetic activity in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Acta Agronomica Hungarica. 59(1): 73-85.
  14. Gopal, H., Kayalvizhi, C., Baskar, M., Bose, M. S. C. and Sivanandham, M. (2001). Effect of distillery effluent on changes in soil properties, microbial population, yield and quality of sugarcane in sandy soils. Proceedings of the 63rd Annual convention of the sugar Technologist – Association of India, Jaipur, India 25th – 27th August, 2001. pp. 52-58.
  15. Goyal, S., Chander, K. and Kapoor, K. K. (1995). Effect of distillery wastewater application on soil microbiological properties and plant growth. J. Environ. & Ecol. 13 (1): 89-93.
  16. Gupta, S., Pandey, A. K., Sharma, N. C., Pandey, P. and Sharma, C. B. (2001). Studies on the biological treatment of digested spent wash effluent using mutant strain of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India. 71B : 259-267.
  17. Hadas, A. (1976). Water uptake and seed germination of leguminous seeds under changing external water potential in osmoticum solution. J. Exp. Bot. 27 : 480-489.
  18. Hati, K. M., Biswas, A. K., Bandyopadhyay, K. M., Mandal, K. G. and Misra, A. K. (2005). Influence of added spent wash on soil physical properties and yield of wheat under soybean-wheat system in a vertisol of central India. J. Environ. & Ecol. 23 (3) : 631-634.
  19. Jain, R., Shahi, H. M., Srivastav, S., Madan, V. K., Jain, R. and Hogarth, D. M. (2002). Impact of distillery effluent on growth attributes, chlorophyll content and enzyme activity of sugarcane. International society of sugarcane technologist. Proceeding of 14th congress, Brisbane, Australia 2 : 155-157.
  20. Jeyabaskaran, K. J., Pandey, S. D. and Gomadhi, G. (2003). Effect of potassium rich cement kiln flue dust and distillery effluent as substitute for potassium fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of ‘Ney Poovan banana (Musa x paradisiacal). Indian J. Agri. Sci. 73 (12) : 645-648.
  21. Joshi, H. C. and Kalra, N. (1995). Distillery waste utilization in agriculture. Yojana. 39 : 8-9.
  22. Joshi, H. C., Chaudhary, A., Pathak, H., Kalra, N., Chaudhary, R. and Kumar, S. (1996). Proceeding of national symposium on use of distillery and sugar industry waste in Agriculture. 28th and 29th October, 1996. AC and RI, Trichy. pp. 97-107.
  23. Juwarkar, A., Dutta, S. A. and Juwarkar, A. (1990). Impact of distillery effluent application to land on soil microflora. J. Environ. Monitoring and Assessment. 15 (2) : 201-210.
  24. Kitts, D. D., Wu, C. H., Stich, H. F. and Powrite, W. D. (1993). Effect of glucose lysine maillard reaction products on bacterial and mammalian cell mutagenesis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41: 2353-2358
  25. Kumar, V., Wati, L., FitzGibbon, F., Nigam, P., Banat, I. M., Singh, D. and Marchant, R. (1997). Bioremediation and decolorization of anaerobically digested distillery spent wash. Biotechnol. Lett. 19: 311-314.
  26. Mahida, U. N. (1981). Water pollution and disposal of waste water on land. Tata McGraw Publishing Co. Ltd.,
  27. New Delhi.
  28. Mahimairaja, S. and Bolan, N. S. (2004). Problems and prospects of agricultural use of distillery spent wash in India. In: Singh, B. Super soil 2004: Proceedings of the 3rd Australian New Zealand Soils Conf. University of Sydney Australia, 5-9 Dec. 2004. S3 (www.regional.org.au/au/assoi/supersoil 2004).
  29. Miyata, N., Mori, T., Iwahori, K. And Fujita, M. (2000). Microbial decolourization of melanoidin- containing wastewaters: combined use of activated sludge and the fungus Coriolus hirstus. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 89 (2) : 145-150.
  30. Mukherjee, U. and Sahai, R. (1988). Effect of distillery waste on seed germination, seedling establishment and early seedling growth of Cajanus cajan L. (Var. 5-16). Acta Bota. Indica. 16 (2) : 182-185.
  31. Murata, M., Terasawa, N. and Homma, S. (1992). Screening of microorganisms to decolourize a model melanoidin and chemical properties of a microbially treated melanoidin. Biosel. Biotechnol. Biochem. 56 : 1182-1187.
  32. Murugaragavan, R. (2002). Distillery spentwash on crop production in dryland soils. M.Sc. (Environmental Sciences) Thesis, Tamilnadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.
  33. Nandy, T., Shastry, S. and Kaul, S. N. (2002). Wastewater management in cane molasses distillery involving bioresource recovery. J. Environ.Manage. 65 : 25-38.
  34. Ohmomo, S., Yoshikawa, H., Nozaki, K., Nakaijma, T., Daengusubha, W. and Nakamura, W. (1988b). Continuous decolourization of molasses waste water using immobilized Lactobacillus hilgardii cells. Agri. Biol. Chem.
  35. 52 : 2437-2441.
  36. Ohmomo, S., Kainuma, M., Kamimura, K., Sirianutapiboon, S. and Aoshima, I. (1988a). Adsorption of melanoidin to the mycelia of Aspergillus oryzae Y-2-32. Agri. Biol. Chem. 52 : 381-386.
  37. Ohmomo, S., Kaneko, Y. and Sirianutapiboon, S. (1987). Decolourization of molasses waste water by thermophillic strain, Aspergillus fumugatus G-2-6. Agri. Biol. Chem. 51 : 3339-3346.
  38. Pandey, A. (1989). Anaerobic waste treatment, two phase reactor concept. Encol. 3 : 25.
  39. Pandey, S.K., Pallavi, T. and Gupta, A.K. (2007). Physico-chemical analysis and effect of distillery effluent on seed germination of wheat, pea and lady’s finger. ARPN J. Agri. and Biol. Sci. 2 : 35-40.
  40. Pathak, H., Joshi, H. C., Chaudhary, A., Chaudhary, R., Kalra, N. and Dwiwedi, M. K. (1998). Distillery effluent as soil amendment for wheat and rice. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 46 (1) : 155-157.
  41. Pathak, H., Joshi, H. C., Chaudhary, A., Chaudhary, R., Kalra, N. and Dwiwedi, M. K. (1999). Soil amendment with distillery effluent for wheat and rice cultivation. Water Air Soil Pollution. 113 (1-4) : 133-140.
  42. Patil, G. D., Pingat, S. M. and Yelwanda, A. J (2000). Effect of spent wash on soil fertility, uptake, quality and yield of fodder maize. J. Maharasttra Agri. Uni. 25 (2) :168-170.
  43. Pawar, R. B., Desai, B. B., Chavan, U. D. and Naik, R. M. (1993). Effect of spent wash on growth parameters of sugarcane. Indian Sugar. 43 (2) : 107-114.
  44. Pawar, R. B., Desai, B. B., Chavan, U. D. and Naik, R. M. (1992). Effect of spent wash on physico-chemical properties of saline calcareous soil. J. Maharasttra Agri. Uni. 17(1) :1-3.
  45. Pushpavalli, R., Kotteeswaran, P., Krishnamurthi, M. and Parmeshwaran, P. (2002). Effect of treated distillery effluent application on soil and yield of sugarcane at Nellikuppam in Tamil-Nadu, India. 17th WCSS, 14th -21th August, Thailand. Paper no. 1826: 1-5.
  46. Qizhan, T., Zhongxiao, T., Shubio, Z. and Deng, Y. (2006). Effect of liquid fertilizer made from sugar mill based distillery effluent on sugarcane. Sugar. Tech. 8 (4) : 303-305.
  47. Radosevich, S., Holt, J. and Ghersa, C. (1997). Weed ecology implication for management. Pub. Wiley. New York.
  48. Rajannan, G., Parvinbanu, K. S. and Ramaswami, P. P. (1998). Utilization of distillery effluent based compost for crop production and economization of fertilizer use. Indian J. Environ. Health. 40 (3): 289-294.
  49. Rajaram, N. and Janardhanan, K. (1988). Effect of distillery effluent on seed germination and early seedling growth of soybean, cowpea, rice and sorghum. Seed Research. 16 (2) : 173-177.
  50. Ramana, S., Biswas, A. K. and Singh, A. B. (2002c). Effect of distillery effluent on some physiological aspects in maize. J. Bioresour. Technol. 84 (3) : 295-297.
  51. Ramana, S., Biswas, A. K., Kundu, S., Saha, J. K. and Yadava, R. B. R. (2002a). Effect of distillery effluents on seed germination in some vegetable crops. J. Bioresour. Technol. 82 : 273-275.
  52. Ramana, S., Biswas, A.K., Singh, A. B. and Yadava, R. B. R. (2002b). Relative efficacy of different distillery effluents on growth, nitrogen fixation and yield of groundnut. J. Bioresour. Technol. 81 : 117-121.
  53. Ramteke, D. S. (1989). Comparative adsorption studies on distillery waste on activated carbon. Indian J. Environment Health 29 : 105.
  54. Rembowski. (1974). Investigation on the application of reverse osmosis for treatment and utilization of wastes from yeast industry. Proc. IV, Int. Cong. Food Sci. Technol., Madrid 4 : 306.
  55. Rich, L. G. (1986). Improved lagoon performance through retention time control. Public Works 117 (12) : 38.
  56. Sachiz, R., Corboda, P. and Sinoriz, F. (1985). Use of UASB reactor for the anaerobic treatment of stillage from sugarcane molasses. Biotechnol. Bioengg. 27 : 1710.
  57. Sahai, R., Jabeen, S. and Saxena, P. K. (1983). Effect of distillery waste on seed germination, seedling growth and pigment content of rice. Indian J. Ecol. 10 (1) : 7-10.
  58. Sahm, H. (1984). Anaerobic waste water treatment. Advances Biochemical Engg. Biotechnol. 28 : 83.
  59. Sharma, Vinod, Sharma, Rajeev, Sharma, K. D., Sharma, V. and Sharma, R. (2002). Distillery effluent effect on seed germination, early seeding growth and pigment content of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris Linn. Var.mezzanau-poly). J. Environ. Bio. 23 : 77-80.
  60. Singh, A. B., Biswas, Sivockoit, Ramana, R. (2003). Effect of distillery effluents on plants and soil enzymatic activities and groundnut quality. J. Plant Nutrition and Soil Sci. 166 (3) : 345-347.
  61. Singh, D., Dahiya, J. S., Nigam, P. and Marchant, R. (1995). Decolourization of molasses waste water by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Gene. 60 : 2253.
  62. Singh, P. K., Sharma, K. P., Sharma, S., Swami, R. C. and Sharma, Subhasini (2010). Polishing of biomethanated spent wash (primary treated) in constructed wetland: A bench study. Indian J. Biotechnol. 9 : 313-318.
  63. Singh, Y. and Bahadur, R. (1995). Germination of field crop seeds in distillery effluent. Indian J. Ecol. 22 : 82-85.
  64. Singh Y. and R. Bahadur. (1997). Effect of distillery effluent irrigation on maize grain crop and soil fertility. Indian J. Ecol. 24 : 53-59
  65. Somawanshi, R. B. and Yadav, A. M. (1990). Effect of spent wash on soil chemical properties and composition of leachate. Agricultural papers of 14th Annual convention of the Deccan Sugar Technologist Association 1 : 101-108.
  66. Speece, R. E. (1983). Anaerobic biotechnology for industrial waste water treatment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17 : 416.
  67. Sukanya, T. S. and Meli, S. S. (2004a). Effect of distillery effluent irrigation on growth, yield and quality of maize grown on sandy loam in northern transitional zone of Karnataka. Karnataka J. Agri. Sci. 17 (3) : 405-409.
  68. Sukanya, T. S. and Meli, S. S. (2004b). Conjunctive use of liquid distillery effluent (spentwash) and water on maize yield and soil properties. Crop Research. 27 (2/3): 182-187.
  69. Sukanya, T. S. and Meli, S. S. (2004c). Response of wheat to graded dilution of liquid distillery effluent (spent wash) on plant nutrient contents, nutrient uptake, crop yield and residual soil fertility. Karnataka J. Agri. Sci. 17 (3) : 417-420.
  70. Sukanya, T. S. and Meli, S. S. (2004d). Distillery effluent as a nitrogen source on maize yield and soil properties. Karnataka J. Agri. Sci. 17 (3) : 421-427.
  71. Sukanya, T. S. and Meli, S. S. (2004e). Effect of distillery effluent as nitrogen source on wheat yield and soil properties. Karnataka J. Agri. Sci. 17 (3) : 428-433.
  72. Sukanya, T. S. and Meli, S. S. (2005). Soil fertility status as affected by use of distillery effluent as irrigation water in wheat. Mysore J. Agri. Sci. 39 (2):151-157.
  73. Wedzicha, B. L. and Kaputo, M. T. (1992). Melanoidins from glucose and glycine: composition characteristics and reactivity towards sulphite ion. Food Chem. 43 : 359-367.
  74. Zalawadia, N. M. and Raman, S. J. (1994). Effect of distillery waste water with graded fertilizer levels on sorghum yield and soil properties. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 42 : 575-579.
  75. Zalawadia, N. M., Raman, S. and Patil, R. G. (1997). Influence of diluted spent wash of sugar industries application on yield and uptake by sugarcane and changes in soil properties. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 45 (4) : 767-769.
Reviewed By

Download Article
In this Article
    Contact us
    Follow us

    Editorial Board

    View all (0)