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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 22 issue 2 (june 2001) : 102-108

UTILIZATION OF RAW'COIR PITH IN CROP PRODUCTION -A REVIEW

A
A. Solaimalai
P
P.T. Ramesh
N
N. Ravisankar
1Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641003, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Solaimalai A., Ramesh P.T., Ravisankar N. (2025). UTILIZATION OF RAW'COIR PITH IN CROP PRODUCTION -A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 22(2): 102-108. doi: .

ABSTRACT

Coir pith is a by-product from coir industries. In India, its availability is to the tune of 7.5 million tonnes per annum in which Tamil Nadu state alone contributes one fourth of its availability. Coir pith can be used as soil amendment under varied soil conditions, for improving the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. It is a good source of mulch for increasing the water holding capacity and reducing the weed population. The usefulness of raw coir pith in crop production has been made in this paper.

KEYWORDS

    REFERENCES

    1. Anabayan, K. (1988). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    2. Arunachalam, N. (1985). In: Proc. Workshop on Coir Waste Research, Coir Board, Cochin, p: 23-26.
    3. Athamanathan, V (1988). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    4. Bagavathi Ammal, U. and Durairaj Muthiah, N. (1995). Madras Agric. J., 82: 55-57.
    5. Bagavathi Ammal, U. and Durairaj Muthiah, N. (1996). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sei., 4 : 445-447.
    6. Baskar, M. (1996). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tpmil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    7. Bhowmic, B.B: and Debnath, c.R. (1985). Indian CoconutJ., 16: 9.
    8. Brain, E.G. (!975). Coconut Palm Products. FAO. Rome. p. 142: 143.
    9. Christopher Lourduraj, A. (1995). Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu AgriculturalUniversity, Coimbatore.
    10. Clarson. D. et al. (1983). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilization of Organic Wastes, AC & RI, Madurai. Tamil
    11. Nadu. p. 64-67.
    12. CPRWM (1980). Annual report. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    13. Devaraj. G. (1991). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilisation of Coir Pith in Agriculture, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
    14. University, Coimbatore, p. 27·29.
    15. Devaraj, G. and Chockalingam, S. (1991). --Co-op. Sugar, 22(8): 531-533.
    16. Devarajan, L. and Oblisami, G. (1995). MadrasAgric. J., 82 (5): 397-399.
    17. Dhanapal, R. (1996). Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    18. Durai, R. (1982). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    19. Durai, R. and Rajagopal, A. (1983). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilisation of Organic Wastes, AC&RI, Madurai,
    20. p. 104-109.
    21. Ganapathl. T. (1991). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    22. Giridhara Krishna, S. (1983). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    23. Girmwood, B.E. (1975). In: Coconut Palm Product, FAO, Rome, p. 142-143.
    24. Gopalswamy, A. et al. (1991). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilisation of Coir Waste in Agriculture, Tamil
    25. Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, p. 151-156:
    26. Jagannathan. S. etal.(1991). Indian. J. Agric. Chern., 25 (3): 157-160.
    27. Jayapaul, P. et al. (1996). Madras Agric. J., 83 (10): 644-650.
    28. Jayaraj, S..(1989). Malaimurasudated 28.8.1989.
    29. Joshi, O.P. et al . (1985). J. Plantation Crops, 13 : 88-95.
    30. - Joachim, A. WR. (1930). J. Chern. Tech. Biotechnol. ,33(4): 439-445.
    31. . Kamaraj, C.M. (1994). Coconut Wealth, 1(6): 6-8.
    32. Kandiannan, K. (1988). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil ~du Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    33. Krishnakumar, K. (1994). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    34. Krishnamoorthy, VV et al. (1991). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilisation of Coir Pith in Agriculture, Tamil
    35. Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    36. Krishnan. PK (1986). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    37. Iishnan, PK and Christopher Lourduraj, A. (1997a). In: Proc. 3rd IFOAM - ASIA Scientific conference on Food
    38. Security in Harmony with Nature, Dec. 1-4, UAS, Bangalore, p. 21.
    39. Krishnan, PK and Christopher Lourduraj, A. (1997bj. Indian J. Agric.. Res., 31: 205-212.
    40. Lalitha, K. (1994). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    41. Lavanya. P.G. (1986). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, COimbatore.
    42. Lavanya, P.G. and Manickam,T.S.(1993). Madras Agric. J., 80 (2):)6-20.
    43. Liyanake. M.S. (1989). Coconut Bull., 5 (1): 18-19.
    44. Loganathan. S. (1990). Madras Agric. J, 77: 204-208.
    45. 108 AGmCULTURALRE~EWS
    46. Loganathan, S. and Lakshminarasimhan, C.R. (1979). Madras Agric. J., 66 : 687-689..
    47. Mayalagu. K. etal. (1983). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilization of Organic Wastes, AC & RI. Madurai,Tamii
    48. Nadu. p. 116-118. .
    49. Muthulakshmi (1988) M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641003.
    50. Nagarajan, R. et aI. (1986), In: Proc. National Seminar on Integrated Nutrient Management in Cropping System,
    51. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, p. 41-43. .
    52. Nagarajan, K. et al. (1991). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilization of Coil' Pith in Agriculture. Tamil Nadu
    53. Agricultural University, Coimbatore. p. 9-16.
    54. Nagarajan, R. et aI. (1985). Madras Agric. J., 73 : 533-535.
    55. Nagarajan. R. et aI. (1990). In: Proc. National Seminar on Coil' Waste in Crop Production. Central Coil' Res.
    56. . Ints., Coil' Board, Cochin.
    57. Narayanamoorthy, D. and Narayanaprasad, T.R. (1968). Paintlndia, 10: 38-40.
    58. Natarajan. TK and Murthy, A.V.S.R. (1985). In: Proc. on Coil' Research, Coil' Board, Cochln. p. 143-152.
    59. Nathanael, WR. (1960). CeylonJ. Coconut, 11 : 31-54.
    60. Packiaraj, S.P. (1989). Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    61. Parasuraman, P. (1994). Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    62. Parasuraman, P. et aI. (1997). In: Proc. 3rd IFOAM·ASIA Scientific Conference on Food Security in Harmony with
    63. Nature, Dec. 1-4, UAS, Bangalore. p.33.
    64. Prabhakaran, J. and Srinivasan, K (1995). Indian J. Agron., 40 (3): 518-519.
    65. Pushpanathan (1987). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    66. Rajagopal, A. and Palchamy, A. (1989). Madras Agric. J., 76: 357·360.
    67. Rajendran, P. (1991). Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore..
    68. Ramaswami, P.P. and Kothandaraman, G.v. (1985). In: Pr6c. National Workshop on Coil' Research. Coil' Board.
    69. Cochin, p. 33-34.
    70. Ramaswami, P.P. and Kothandaraman, G.v. (1991). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilisation of Coil' pith in
    71. Agriculture. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, COimbatore, p. 76-78.
    72. Ramaswami, PP. and Sreeramulu, V.S. (1983). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilisation of Organic Wastes, AC
    73. & RI, Madurai. p. 101-103.
    74. Ramaswami, P.P. (1981). Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ. Newsl., 11 : 4.
    75. Ramesh, PT. and Gunathilagaraj, K(1996). Madras Agric. J. ,83(1); 26·28.
    76. Rangaraj, T; (1991). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    77. Ravichandran, B.C. (1988). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore.
    78. Ravikumar, V.. Cind Thyagarajan, T.M. (1980). Madras Agric. J., 67(4): 248·251.
    79. Saminathan, S. (1990). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    80. Santhirasegaran, K (1965). Ceylon CoconutJ. , 16: 85-98.
    81. Satyanarayana, KG. and Pavithran, C. (1985). In: Proc. Workshop on Coil' Research, Cochin. p. 25-44.
    82. Satyanarayana, KG. et aI. (1984). Indian CoconutJ. ,14(9): 18-23.
    83. Savithri, P and Hameedkhan, H. (1994). J. Plantation Crops, 22 (1): 1-18.
    84. Savithri, ·P. et al. (1991). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilisation of Coil' Pith in Agriculture, Tamil Nadu
    85. Agricultural University, Coimbatore. p. 129-135.
    86. Savithri, P. (1988). Annual Report, TNAU, COimbatore - 641003.
    87. Sesha Reddy (1985). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesi. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    88. Singaram, P. and Pothiraj, P. (1991). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilisation of Coil' Pith in Agriculture. Tamil
    89. Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    90. SSAC (1988). Report on Coil' Waste in Crop Production, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. p. 11-13.
    91. Sigaram, S. (1990). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
    92. Subramanian, A. (1980). In: Proc. National Seminar on Agricultural Waste Utilisation. Tamil Nadu Agricultural
    93. University, Coimbatore. p. 112·117.
    94. Subramanian, V. and George, M. (1998). The Hindu, June 11.
    95. Sundar Singh, S.D. (1989). Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,Coimbatore.
    96. Thilagavathi, T. and Mathan, KK (1995). Madras Agric. J., 82: 525-530.
    97. TNAU (1990). In: Proc. Oilseeds scientists meet. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Colmbatore. p. 145·146.
    98. Uthiah, B.C. and Lingaiah, H.B. (1989). Indian CoconutJ., 20 (4): 7-8.
    99. Uthiah, B.c. etal. (1993). Indian CoconutJ., 24 (6): 5-9.
    100. Veerabadran, V. (1991). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilisation of Coil' Pith in Agriculture, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
    101. University, COimbatore. p. 91-99.
    102. V",eraputhiran, R. (1996). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, College of Horticulture, Thissur, Kerala.
    103. \lijayalakshmi, R. (1991). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore
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      volume 22 issue 2 (june 2001) : 102-108

      UTILIZATION OF RAW'COIR PITH IN CROP PRODUCTION -A REVIEW

      A
      A. Solaimalai
      P
      P.T. Ramesh
      N
      N. Ravisankar
      1Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641003, India

      • Submitted|

      • First Online |

      • doi

      Cite article:- Solaimalai A., Ramesh P.T., Ravisankar N. (2025). UTILIZATION OF RAW'COIR PITH IN CROP PRODUCTION -A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 22(2): 102-108. doi: .

      ABSTRACT

      Coir pith is a by-product from coir industries. In India, its availability is to the tune of 7.5 million tonnes per annum in which Tamil Nadu state alone contributes one fourth of its availability. Coir pith can be used as soil amendment under varied soil conditions, for improving the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. It is a good source of mulch for increasing the water holding capacity and reducing the weed population. The usefulness of raw coir pith in crop production has been made in this paper.

      KEYWORDS

        REFERENCES

        1. Anabayan, K. (1988). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        2. Arunachalam, N. (1985). In: Proc. Workshop on Coir Waste Research, Coir Board, Cochin, p: 23-26.
        3. Athamanathan, V (1988). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        4. Bagavathi Ammal, U. and Durairaj Muthiah, N. (1995). Madras Agric. J., 82: 55-57.
        5. Bagavathi Ammal, U. and Durairaj Muthiah, N. (1996). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sei., 4 : 445-447.
        6. Baskar, M. (1996). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tpmil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        7. Bhowmic, B.B: and Debnath, c.R. (1985). Indian CoconutJ., 16: 9.
        8. Brain, E.G. (!975). Coconut Palm Products. FAO. Rome. p. 142: 143.
        9. Christopher Lourduraj, A. (1995). Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu AgriculturalUniversity, Coimbatore.
        10. Clarson. D. et al. (1983). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilization of Organic Wastes, AC & RI, Madurai. Tamil
        11. Nadu. p. 64-67.
        12. CPRWM (1980). Annual report. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        13. Devaraj. G. (1991). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilisation of Coir Pith in Agriculture, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
        14. University, Coimbatore, p. 27·29.
        15. Devaraj, G. and Chockalingam, S. (1991). --Co-op. Sugar, 22(8): 531-533.
        16. Devarajan, L. and Oblisami, G. (1995). MadrasAgric. J., 82 (5): 397-399.
        17. Dhanapal, R. (1996). Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        18. Durai, R. (1982). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        19. Durai, R. and Rajagopal, A. (1983). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilisation of Organic Wastes, AC&RI, Madurai,
        20. p. 104-109.
        21. Ganapathl. T. (1991). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        22. Giridhara Krishna, S. (1983). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        23. Girmwood, B.E. (1975). In: Coconut Palm Product, FAO, Rome, p. 142-143.
        24. Gopalswamy, A. et al. (1991). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilisation of Coir Waste in Agriculture, Tamil
        25. Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, p. 151-156:
        26. Jagannathan. S. etal.(1991). Indian. J. Agric. Chern., 25 (3): 157-160.
        27. Jayapaul, P. et al. (1996). Madras Agric. J., 83 (10): 644-650.
        28. Jayaraj, S..(1989). Malaimurasudated 28.8.1989.
        29. Joshi, O.P. et al . (1985). J. Plantation Crops, 13 : 88-95.
        30. - Joachim, A. WR. (1930). J. Chern. Tech. Biotechnol. ,33(4): 439-445.
        31. . Kamaraj, C.M. (1994). Coconut Wealth, 1(6): 6-8.
        32. Kandiannan, K. (1988). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil ~du Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        33. Krishnakumar, K. (1994). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        34. Krishnamoorthy, VV et al. (1991). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilisation of Coir Pith in Agriculture, Tamil
        35. Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        36. Krishnan. PK (1986). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        37. Iishnan, PK and Christopher Lourduraj, A. (1997a). In: Proc. 3rd IFOAM - ASIA Scientific conference on Food
        38. Security in Harmony with Nature, Dec. 1-4, UAS, Bangalore, p. 21.
        39. Krishnan, PK and Christopher Lourduraj, A. (1997bj. Indian J. Agric.. Res., 31: 205-212.
        40. Lalitha, K. (1994). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        41. Lavanya. P.G. (1986). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, COimbatore.
        42. Lavanya, P.G. and Manickam,T.S.(1993). Madras Agric. J., 80 (2):)6-20.
        43. Liyanake. M.S. (1989). Coconut Bull., 5 (1): 18-19.
        44. Loganathan. S. (1990). Madras Agric. J, 77: 204-208.
        45. 108 AGmCULTURALRE~EWS
        46. Loganathan, S. and Lakshminarasimhan, C.R. (1979). Madras Agric. J., 66 : 687-689..
        47. Mayalagu. K. etal. (1983). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilization of Organic Wastes, AC & RI. Madurai,Tamii
        48. Nadu. p. 116-118. .
        49. Muthulakshmi (1988) M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641003.
        50. Nagarajan, R. et aI. (1986), In: Proc. National Seminar on Integrated Nutrient Management in Cropping System,
        51. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, p. 41-43. .
        52. Nagarajan, K. et al. (1991). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilization of Coil' Pith in Agriculture. Tamil Nadu
        53. Agricultural University, Coimbatore. p. 9-16.
        54. Nagarajan, R. et aI. (1985). Madras Agric. J., 73 : 533-535.
        55. Nagarajan. R. et aI. (1990). In: Proc. National Seminar on Coil' Waste in Crop Production. Central Coil' Res.
        56. . Ints., Coil' Board, Cochin.
        57. Narayanamoorthy, D. and Narayanaprasad, T.R. (1968). Paintlndia, 10: 38-40.
        58. Natarajan. TK and Murthy, A.V.S.R. (1985). In: Proc. on Coil' Research, Coil' Board, Cochln. p. 143-152.
        59. Nathanael, WR. (1960). CeylonJ. Coconut, 11 : 31-54.
        60. Packiaraj, S.P. (1989). Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        61. Parasuraman, P. (1994). Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        62. Parasuraman, P. et aI. (1997). In: Proc. 3rd IFOAM·ASIA Scientific Conference on Food Security in Harmony with
        63. Nature, Dec. 1-4, UAS, Bangalore. p.33.
        64. Prabhakaran, J. and Srinivasan, K (1995). Indian J. Agron., 40 (3): 518-519.
        65. Pushpanathan (1987). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        66. Rajagopal, A. and Palchamy, A. (1989). Madras Agric. J., 76: 357·360.
        67. Rajendran, P. (1991). Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore..
        68. Ramaswami, P.P. and Kothandaraman, G.v. (1985). In: Pr6c. National Workshop on Coil' Research. Coil' Board.
        69. Cochin, p. 33-34.
        70. Ramaswami, P.P. and Kothandaraman, G.v. (1991). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilisation of Coil' pith in
        71. Agriculture. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, COimbatore, p. 76-78.
        72. Ramaswami, PP. and Sreeramulu, V.S. (1983). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilisation of Organic Wastes, AC
        73. & RI, Madurai. p. 101-103.
        74. Ramaswami, P.P. (1981). Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ. Newsl., 11 : 4.
        75. Ramesh, PT. and Gunathilagaraj, K(1996). Madras Agric. J. ,83(1); 26·28.
        76. Rangaraj, T; (1991). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        77. Ravichandran, B.C. (1988). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore.
        78. Ravikumar, V.. Cind Thyagarajan, T.M. (1980). Madras Agric. J., 67(4): 248·251.
        79. Saminathan, S. (1990). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        80. Santhirasegaran, K (1965). Ceylon CoconutJ. , 16: 85-98.
        81. Satyanarayana, KG. and Pavithran, C. (1985). In: Proc. Workshop on Coil' Research, Cochin. p. 25-44.
        82. Satyanarayana, KG. et aI. (1984). Indian CoconutJ. ,14(9): 18-23.
        83. Savithri, P and Hameedkhan, H. (1994). J. Plantation Crops, 22 (1): 1-18.
        84. Savithri, ·P. et al. (1991). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilisation of Coil' Pith in Agriculture, Tamil Nadu
        85. Agricultural University, Coimbatore. p. 129-135.
        86. Savithri, P. (1988). Annual Report, TNAU, COimbatore - 641003.
        87. Sesha Reddy (1985). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesi. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        88. Singaram, P. and Pothiraj, P. (1991). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilisation of Coil' Pith in Agriculture. Tamil
        89. Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        90. SSAC (1988). Report on Coil' Waste in Crop Production, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. p. 11-13.
        91. Sigaram, S. (1990). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
        92. Subramanian, A. (1980). In: Proc. National Seminar on Agricultural Waste Utilisation. Tamil Nadu Agricultural
        93. University, Coimbatore. p. 112·117.
        94. Subramanian, V. and George, M. (1998). The Hindu, June 11.
        95. Sundar Singh, S.D. (1989). Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,Coimbatore.
        96. Thilagavathi, T. and Mathan, KK (1995). Madras Agric. J., 82: 525-530.
        97. TNAU (1990). In: Proc. Oilseeds scientists meet. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Colmbatore. p. 145·146.
        98. Uthiah, B.C. and Lingaiah, H.B. (1989). Indian CoconutJ., 20 (4): 7-8.
        99. Uthiah, B.c. etal. (1993). Indian CoconutJ., 24 (6): 5-9.
        100. Veerabadran, V. (1991). In: Proc. National Seminar on Utilisation of Coil' Pith in Agriculture, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
        101. University, COimbatore. p. 91-99.
        102. V",eraputhiran, R. (1996). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, College of Horticulture, Thissur, Kerala.
        103. \lijayalakshmi, R. (1991). M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore
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