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Review Article

Talinum fruticosum: A Potential Multi-value Plant: A Review

K. Manikandan1,*, T. Balaji2, V. Dhanushkodi3
1Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, Thanjavur-612 101, Tamil Nadu, India.
2Department of Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, India.
3Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India.

ABSTRACT

Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss. is an underutilized plant which is distributed across world. It survives under varying soil types such as deep fertile soil, shallow rocky soil, salt affected soils, etc. Waterleaf occurs from sea level to 1000 m above MSL. Tolerance to drought is added advantage but, yield decreases with increasing water stress. It moderately tolerates salinity and sodicity of both soil and water. This plant can be exploited as plant for phytoremediation as it is capable to accumulate heavy metals, pollutants and minerals. It has significant potential to use it as fodder for cattle considering green biomass and nutritional composition. This plant can also be used as feed to chickens, rabbits and cattle. It is considered as palatable, leafy vegetable owing to nutritional and medicinal properties though it possess lesser amount of anti-nutritious components such saponin, oxalates and tannins. In view of above facts, waterleaf have the potential to be utilized as leafy vegetable for semiarid and humid conditions, quality green fodder for cattle, feed for rabbits and chicken, remediating polluted soils, reclamation and sustainable utilization of salt affected lands, tolerant plant for poor quality water, suitable to shallow soils besides using it as ornamental plant.

INTRODUCTION

Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss. is a non-conventional, herbaceous and glabrous plant (Ezekwe et al., 2002) that belongs to the family Talinaceae. It is commonly called as waterleaf, Ceylon spinach, Surinam purslane, Philippine spinach, Espinaca de Java and Sweetheart. This is an edible leafy vegetable with high nutritional properties.
       
Mostly, it is collected from wild and consumed after cooking. Cultivation of this leafy vegetable is common in Nigeria and Cameroon where it is the income source for small and medium scale farmers. Basically, it is considered as ground vegetation in forest ecosystem but it is perceived as weed in arable lands.
       
Talinum fruticosum is synonymously referred as Talinum triangulare (Jacq.), Talinum crassifolium (Jacq.), Portulaca fruticosa L. and Portulaca triangularis Jacq. It is often confused with Talinum portulacifolium, but both are different plant species (Chibili, 1999).
 
Distribution
 
Waterleaf is native to tropical America with pantropical distribution (Nyananyo and Olowokudejo, 1986). This plant distributed widely across the world owing to ease establishment and wider adaptability and as a result, it is hard to establish the home range of this plant.
       
It is observed from Mexico, Southern United States, tropical Africa, Java, India and Asian countries. It was introduced into Java in 1915 from Surinam (Heyne, 1987) by the Bogor Botanic Gardens. Cultivation of this leafy vegetable is also reported from Nigeria, Africa, America and Asia. But in India, cultivation practice for this plant is yet to be standardized.
 
Habitat
 
Waterleaf tolerates wide habitat condition and occurs along roadsides, wastelands, forest edges from sea-level up to 1000 m (Tindall, 1983). It tolerates wide rainfall condition and found in regions receiving 500 m to 3000 mm annually. During rainy season, it occurs as under vegetative growth on forest and abandoned farm lands abundantly though it occurs throughout the year.
       
It adapted well to drought (Lonnie and Michael, 2001) conditions owing to succulence nature. It grows well in fertile soils rich in organic matter but can survive under wide range of soils including infertile and salty soil with moderate growth. It can withstand sodic soil with pH up to 9.4 with less than the actual growth potential (Manikandan and Gayathri, 2022). This hardy plant grows well in shallow soil in rocky outcrops too (Kumar et al., 2012).
       
It produces higher biomass production in hot tropical conditions if other conditions favourable. It avoids waterlogged soils as well as ill drained soils as it is susceptible to collar rot upon exposure to continuous, excessive soil moisture.
 
Morphological description
 
It is an herbaceous, mucilaginous plant with prominent stem. Stem is erect, succulent, glabrous which is pink at base and green in tip. Leaves are simple and alternate. Inflorescences are terminal and auxiliary. Flowers are complete and bisexual. Petal is purple in colour and stamens are free and numerous. Ovary is superior and green. Fruits are globose, pale green while immature and yellow when mature. Seeds are tiny, black/brown and numerous. Roots are tuberous in nature (Khaing and Moe, 2019). Talinum species is generally self-pollinated but liable for insect pollination (Nya and Eka, 2015).
 
Propagation
 
Domestication of this leaf vegetable is well reported from West Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, North America and South America. Waterleaf cultivation is considered as a source of income to small-scale farm households (Udoh, 2005).
       
It is propagated by seeds and cuttings. It can be propagated through stem cuttings in hydroponic media (Kumar and Prasad, 2010). Smaller sized seeds can be sown either directly on soil or in nursery bed. Waterleaf exhibit good germination percentage (>70%) in nursery bags (Ubochi et al., 2022). Germination starts on 5th day after sowing. Two to three weeks old seedlings are suitable for transplanting in the main field.
       
Cuttings made from young shoots (10-15 cm) can be planted directly in field. Stem cuttings of 1 cm of circumference and 10 cm of length was utilized for planting by Fopoussi Tuebue et al., (2019).
       
Okechukwu et al., (2014) tested different plant spacing and manuring in field and found that closer spacing of 25 × 10 cm and application of manure @ 30 t ha-1 yielded higher. Wider spacing of 60 × 60 cm was adopted by Bhavithra et al., (2019) under drip fertigation system.
       
Transplanted waterleaf seedlings attain 30 cm height in 2-3 weeks and can able to reach heights more than 80 cm (Fontem and Schippers, 2004). Fru et al., (2017) observed that waterleaf plant produces more than 40 leaves/plant at 3 weeks after planting.
       
Waterleaf is a short duration crop and harvest stage obtained quickly in 35-45 days after planting (Rice et al., 1986). First harvest requires 3-4 weeks from planting (Oluwole et al., 2018). In general, best leafy quality of waterleaf obtained from first 3 harvest and thereafter leaf quality decline appreciably. Under well managed conditions such as adequate irrigation, good manuring and weeding, it can remain for six months in field (Ren et al., 2006; Fasuyi, 2007). Depending upon the climatic conditions, soil fertility and management, yield of waterleaf varied between 10-60 t/ha (Uusiku et al., 2010).
       
Fopoussi Tuebue et al., (2019) informed that growth of waterleaf is higher in fertilized soils than in the unfertilized soils. Bhavithra et al., (2019) harvested 1.6 kg of fresh leaf yield per plot at 30 days after planting which was relatively higher than many other leafy vegetables tested. The maximum leaf length and succulence nature of leaf and stem contributed for the higher biomass production by waterleaf. Purbajanti et al., (2019) cultivated Talinum paniculatum with a plant spacing of 50 × 25 cm and harvested 23.62 tons of fresh biomass in 8 weeks.
       
This hardy plant is tolerant to herbicidal action (Akadiri et al., 2017) owing to the poor permeability of herbicides into plant (Rola et al., 1999).
 
Plant composition
 
Mineral composition of plants varies with stages of crop growth, management practices adopted, soil condition, soil fertility and environmental conditions.
 
a) Macronutrients
 
Waterleaf contains rich minerals. Hundred grams of dry waterleaf contains 196.50, 74.60, 70.40, 156.60 and 80.60 mg of P, Ca, Mg, K and Na, respectively (Agunbiade et al., 2015). N content of the leaves is varied up to 3.4% (Bhavithra et al., 2019) depending upon the soil, environment and management conditions.
       
Alozie and Ene-Obong (2018) informed that potassium (262 mg/100 g) is relatively higher in waterleaf than the phosphorus (79 mg/100 g) and other minerals (Ca- 100 mg/100 g; Mg- 189 mg/100 g; Na- 47 mg/100 g; Zn- 0.80 mg/100 g and Fe- 3.2 mg/100 g). Similarly, Folarin et al., (2001) observed relatively higher proportion of potassium (5471.25 mg/100 g) in Talinum species compared to other minerals.
 
b) Micronutrients
 
According to Khaing and Moe, (2019) sufficient quantum of micronutrients like iron (1.92%), zinc (1.58%), manganese (0.88%) and copper (0.18%) is present in waterleaf. Similarly, Oluwole et al., (2019) reported Cu (0.12 ppm), Zn (0.46 ppm) and Fe (3.16 ppm) from Talinum fruticosum. Folarin et al., (2001) reported relatively higher concentration of micronutrients in waterleaf i.e., zinc (25 mg/100 g), iron (12.25 mg/100 g) and copper (0.93 mg/100 g). Relatively higher proportion of manganese (0.56 mg/kg) in waterleaf was observed by Bhavithra et al., (2019).
 
c) Bioactive components
 
Leaves and stem of Talinum fruticosum contain numerous bioactive compounds (Ameh and Eze, 2010). Amorim et al., (2014) extracted 17 compounds from the stem and leaves of T. triangulare which includes steroids, acrylamide, propanoic acid, allantoin, malic acid, steroids and phaeophytins. Alkaloids (55.56 mg/100 g), flavonoids (69.80 mg/100 g) and tannins (1.44 mg/100 g) also found in Talinum fruticosum (Aja et al., 2010).
       
Antioxidant properties of Talinum fruticosum were well ascertained by Liang et al., (2011). It contains significant proportion of ascorbic acid (17.39 mg/g) and carotenoids (0.28 mg/g; Bhavithra et al., 2019). Allantonin was noticed from the leaves and roots of Talinum triangulare by Amorim et al., (2014).
 
Tolerance to salty water
 
Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss. is one of the underutilized leafy vegetable which is having significant potential to withstand salty irrigation water. Talinum fruticosum can able to tolerate the irrigation water EC up to 6 dS/m and soluble sodium percentage (SSP) up to 40 without any adverse effect on growth and quality of produce (Palukuru Dayana Lakshmi, 2022). Bamidele et al., (2007) reported that normal functioning of the crop is affected under saline irrigation which causes reduction in growth rate of waterleaf plants.
       
Mineral content of the Talinum leaf generally increases with increasing salinity level. Montero et al., (2018) studied the effect of salinity on Talinum triangulare and observed that salinity had varying effects on total mineral contents. Leaf sodium and potassium content increase with increase in salinity and it did not affect Mg or Ca contents in leaves, while causing significant increase in P content.
       
Waterleaf contains very low concentrations of nutrients like nitrogen (2.33 mg/100 g), phosphorus (196 mg/100 g) and potassium (78 mg/100 g) under water-stressed conditions compared to the control (Oluwole et al., 2018). The nutritive values of waterleaf like crude protein and crude fat showed a decreasing trend with increasing soluble salt and sodicity in irrigation water (Palukuru Dayana Lakshmi, 2022).
 
Tolerance to soil salinity and alkalinity
 
Waterleaf exhibits significant tolerance to soil salinity and sodicity. The seedlings of Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss. can able to tolerate salinity levels from 0 to 560 mM NaCl (Bamidele et al., 2007) and found significant growth decrease of seedlings with higher salinity hazard. It survives well in alkaline soil too (Lal, 2008).
       
Assaha et al., (2017) inferred that different levels of NaCl stress (0 to 300 mM NaCl) had significant adverse effect on shoot growth, no effect on root growth, increased proline content and reduction in osmotic potential. The antioxidant enzyme activities and non-enzyme antioxidants showed significant increase only under high salinity.
       
This plant can able to thrive in soil with pH of 9.4 and higher exchangeable sodium percentage (Manikandan and Gayathri, 2022) and hence, it can be cultivated in alkaline soils too.
 
Drought tolerance
 
Talinum traingularae reported to tolerate water stress significantly (Lonnie and Michael, 2001). Waterleaf produce malate under drought conditions which act as osmoticum (Herrera et al., 2015) and hence, achieve less water loss during water stress. Surukite et al., (2018) inferred that waterleaf tolerate and produce higher under moderate water stress and produces less under excessive moisture and water stress conditions. Increasing moisture stress reduced the mineral concentration in waterleaf as water stress influence nutrient uptake significantly (Silvestre, 2003).
 
Utility
 
Talinum fruitcosum have number of beneficial attributes viz., edible nature, medicinal values, fodder utility, ecological values besides aiding soil reclamation. This is also used as ornamental plant across world (Nyffeler and Eggli, 2010).
 
a) Edible utility
 
Fresh biomass of waterleaf contains relatively less dry matter and more moisture. Moisture is released from waterleaf while cooking owing to high moisture content (Agunbiade et al., 2015). It is primarily used as leaf vegetables either raw in salads or cooked. Further it is also utilized in making soups and thickening sauce.
       
Ibeawuchi et al., (2006) noted that the leaves and young shoots are used to thicken sauce and it is consumed in large quantities in the Southern part of Nigeria. 
       
Talinum fruticosum contains rich crude protein (»12%), crude fat (» 2%), crude fiber (»18.30%) and carbohydrate (»>30%) (Adekanmi et al., 2020). Higher proportion of potassium and lesser proportion of sodium in waterleaf is a beneficial attribute for human nutrition. It is a rich source of vitamin C, vitamin E, Omega-3 fatty acids, pectin and β-carotene (Ezekwe et al., 2001) besides the minerals.
 
b) Medicinal values
 
Waterleaf has specific medicinal and therapeutic (Swarna and Ravindhran, 2013) values in humans (Ekpenyong, 1986). Vitamins and minerals of waterleaf contribute to high antioxidant values (Liang et al., 2011). Consumption of waterleaf improves bone health as it contains rich calcium and phosphorous. Further, it ensures eye health and reduces the risk of cataract by providing vitamin A. Waterleaf is an excellent dietary source of iron and thus by reduces anemia in humans. It also reduces the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease as it supplies vitamin C. 
       
Research reports are available for diuretic properties, management of gastrointestinal disorders, scabies and high blood pressure. Agnel and Shobanan (2012) reported that leaf and root extracts of waterleaf cure asthma, kid­ney disorders, gout and rheumatoid arthritis. Leaves of Talinum fruitcosum reported to possess anti-inflammatory activities (Esho et al., 2021). Further, it helps to enhance liver function  as it suppresses oxidative damage of liver cells (Ezekwe et al., 2013).
       
Antioxidant activity and fibre content of this plant aids to cure mild laxative and constipation problem (Joshua et al., 2012). High dietary fibre prevents obesity and excess body weight (Mensah et al., 2008). This plant has exploited in the treatment of diarrhea (Oguntona, 1998 and Mensor et al., 2001).Talinum based diet is suitable for patients of diabetes mellitus as it delays digestion and conversion of starch to simple sugars (Monago and Uwakwe, 2009). It also stimulates digestive system and enhances production of digestive enzymes (Abou Elkhair et al., 2014).
 
c) Fodder and Feed values
 
Waterleaf acts as green forage for cattle (Oguntibeju and Okaiyeto, 2021) in order to meet the unavailability of green fodder (Meena et al., 2018) in many regions especially during summer. Characteristics of Talinum fruticosum such as palatability, nutrient composition, fibre proportion, digestibility, etc. meet the fodder quality for cattle. Talinum fruticosum is a preferred wild fodder for cattle in many African countries. It contains 9.93% crude fibre, 22.73% crude protein, 1.21% crude fat and 12.2% ash content (Babayemi and Adebayo, 2020). Vitamins E is unable to get synthesized by animal’s body (Vipin et al., 2021) and which is sufficiently available in Talinum fruticosum.
       
Crude protein content of waterleaf is above the essential criteria i.e., 7% for both rumen microorganism (Njidda and Isidahomen, 2010) and growth of cattle (Gadbemy, 2018). Fiber content of waterleaf is falling within the acceptable level. Further, neutral detergent fiber (34.49%) and acid detergent fiber content (32.41%) is more or less equal but it contains relatively lesser acid detergent lignin (6.33%).
       
It is possible to use waterleaf as supplementary feeds to poultry (Agboola et al., 2018), rabbits (Anselm and Ubokudom, 2010; Aduku and Olukosi, 1990) and swine (Ezekwe et al., 2001). Olayemi et al., (2021) inferred that Talinum fruticosum can be used as alternative source of feed additive to chicken without deleterious effects on egg laying performance, quality characteristics and storage life.
 
Phytoremediation
 
Heavy metal is a significant threat to soil health (Dizaji et al., 2016) and waterleaf accumulates pollutant to a significant extent. Hence, this plant has a potential to be used as plant for phytoremediation. It degrades polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and total petroleum hydrocarbon from crude oil polluted soils (Okoye et al., 2017).
       
This plant is often tested for phytoremediation of contaminated soil with heavy metals (Rajkumar et al., 2009; Uwah et al., 2009). Babayemi et al., (2017) reported that waterleaf collected from domestic dumpsite contains heavy metals viz., Pb (14.50-20.10), Cd (0.05-0.60), Cr (0.19-2.48), Ni (2.75-7.30) and Co (3.40-6.05 mg/kg of dry matter). Lead in roots and shoots gradually increased as the function of increasing concentration Pb in soil (Kumar et al., 2012). Root accumulates higher quantities of heavy metals than the stems (Kumar et al., 2012). But, being a leafy vegetable and fodder, waterleaf is generally not recommended for phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils.
       
Exploitation of salt tolerant and salt accumulated plants is one of the ideal option for management of salt affected soil (Shahid et al., 2018) as it produce crop, contributes to farm income besides reclaiming soil sustainably in an eco-friendly way. In this line, Talinum fruitcosum can be used for eco-friendly reclamation of alkaline soils (Manikandan and Gayathri, 2022) in a sustainable way.
 
Anti-nutritional properties
 
Presence of anti-nutritional component is less preferable as it restricts edible and fodder utility of plants. Oxalate, phenols, saponin, tannin are some of the anti-nutritional compounds present in the leaves and stems of waterleaf.
       
Tannin content of waterleaf varied between 21.30 mg/100 g and 25.90 mg / 100 g while irrigating with saline and sodic water, respectively (Palukuru, 2022). Aja et al., (2010) reported that waterleaf composed of 1.48 mg of saponins per 100 g of dry biomass. The total phenol content of waterleaf is less than 6 mg/g in the dry matter of T. fruitcosum (Bhavithra et al., 2019).
       
T. triangulare contains higher oxalate content but it is mostly in soluble form. Relatively higher oxalate content causes kidney diseases in humans. Cooked waterleaf has approximately 50 percent less soluble oxalate than raw waterleaf as it is solubilised and removed during cooking. Hence, raw leaves are generally not recommended for human consumption.

CONCLUSION

Waterleaf is an herbaceous, nutritious plant which is underutilized till date all over the world. It thrives well in diverse habitat conditions such as shallow soils to deep fertile soils and semiarid to humid conditions. This palatable plant can withstand drought conditions owing to succulent nature and physiological mechanisms. This multi utility plant accumulates higher proportion of minerals, heavy metals and pollutants and accordingly, this plant can be exploited for phytoremediation of polluted lands, heavy metal contaminated soils and salt affected terrains. Tolerance to saline and alkaline water is added advantage. This plant can also be used as fodder to cattle, feed to chicken and rabbits. Presence of lesser proportion of anti-nutritious elements such as saponin, oxalates and tannins is a concern for utilizing this plant but higher nutritive values, rich bio active compounds, good mineral content and multifarious medicinal properties nullifies this concern for using this plant as edible one.
       
Considering nutritional value, medicinal properties, fodder values and tolerance to salty soils, waterleaf is considered as a potential leafy vegetable crop for both normal and salt affected lands. In addition, this crop can also be recommended where irrigation water is salty. This nutritious leafy vegetable has significant potential for meeting the green fodder demand of the country as it is palatable, protein rich, higher green biomass yield, possibility of multiple cut and faster growth.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

None.

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