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Reviewer Article

Agricultural Reviews, volume 44 issue 1 (march 2023) : 53-59

​Application of Rhododendron for Human Welfare: A Review

Priyanka Rawat1, Anju Rani2,*, Mansi Chauhan1, Anushka Khanna1, Nandini Pathak1, Raj Singh3, Chhaya Singh4, Neha Chauhan5
1Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Graphic Era deemed to be University, Dehradun-248 002, Uttarakhand, India.
2Department of Botany, Keral Verma Subharti College of Science, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut-250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
3Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala-133 207, Haryana, India.
4Department of Botany, Government Degree College, Thalisain- 246 285, Uttarakhand, India.
5Department of Microbiology, College of Paramedical Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun-248 001, Uttarakhand, India.
Cite article:- Rawat Priyanka, Rani Anju, Chauhan Mansi, Khanna Anushka, Pathak Nandini, Singh Raj, Singh Chhaya, Chauhan Neha (2023). ​Application of Rhododendron for Human Welfare: A Review . Agricultural Reviews. 44(1): 53-59. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-2146.

ABSTRACT

National flower of Nepal and Uttarakhand is Rhododendron arboreum locally called buransh, a small tree with bright red flowers and green leaves. Rhododendron is derived from a Greek word RHODO and DENDRON which means rose-tree is used traditionally as medicine and also as food. Buransh normally grows in Himalayas, at high altitude is being used popularly for its processed juice from flowers as buransh or sharbat and in medicines that has many health benefits. Burans products are also used in decorations, refreshing drinks, firewood and as food colouring agents. Its numerous use also include in treatment of bile’s and liver disorders, nasal bleeding, blood dysentery, stomach ache, asthma, fever, gout, coughs, blurry vision, heart problems and diabetes. This review focuses on the phytochemical and nutrition profile, pharmacological and biological properties of Rhododendron arboreum in sustainable development of rural population with many job opportunities.

INTRODUCTION

Rhododendron arboretum has extremely variable flower color, hardness, stature and characteristic leaf. Rhododendron and arboreum are Greek word which means rose tree and tree like appearance respectively (Orwa et al., 2009). Rhododendron was originally detected in North Central India is now seen in the Himalayas from J and K to Bhutan and in the hills of Manipur and Assam at an altitudes of 1200-4000 m. It is an evergreen with very large branching reach upto14 m height and 2.4 m girth (Chauhan, 1999) and grows up to 40 to 50 feet height sometimes upto 100 feet (Rai and Rai, 1994). In Garhwal, this tree has both ecological and economic significance and usually found in higher altitudes, above 1500 m. Out of 72 species, 20 subspecies and 19 varieties were listed from India (Mao et al., 2001). The hot spot for Rhododendron diversity with 75 species, 4 subspecies and five varieties is The Eastern Himalayan region while Western Himalaya has only 6 species (Sastry and Hajra, 2010). The fully blossomed artistic beauty of the flowers attracts the attention across the country (Srivastava, 2012) and has been declared as the National flower of Nepal and State flower of Himachal Pradesh. Rhododendron possess health benefits in preventing and treatment of diarrhea, heart, detoxification, asthma inflammation, constipation, dysentery, bronchitis and fever (Nisar et al., 2013). Leaves have adequate antioxidant action with young leaves used to alleviate headache. The wood is used to make gun- stocks, kukri handles, gift boxes, pack saddles and posts (Saklani and Chandra, 2015). Other botanical description clearly showed in the Table 1. 

Table 1: Botanical description of the plant.



Phytochemical and nutriitional profile
 
Rhododendron contains Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Na, Cr, Co, Cd, Mo, Ni, Pb and arsenic that play a vital role to maintain some physicochemical processes that are very essential for life. Sodium (Na) is important to maintain the osmotic balance between cells and interstitial fluid (Soetan et al., 2010). Rhododendron contains good amount of secondary metabolites like tannins, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides and phlobatannins (Nisar et al., 2013). Various phtyochemicals have been recognised and isolated from the different parts of R. arboreum that have protective or disease preventive properties. They include - flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phytosterols, reducing sugars and phenolic compounds. Isolated flavonoids include Quercetin-3-O-galactoside and Quercetin from flower and leaves while sterols include beta-sistosterol from leaves. Flavonol glycoside rutin isolated from leaves and quercitrin from flower whereas triterpenoid 3-O-acetylbetulinic acid, betulin and lupeol generated from bark. Many phytochemicals from different parts have also been isolated from which are as under:

Bark

Petroleum ether extract of the bark contained a triterpenoid substances 3-0-acetylbetulinic acid (C32H50O4), beta -sitosterol-3-O-beta – D glucosidose (C32H50O4), 3-beta-acetoxyurs-11-en-13-beta,28-olide(C32H48O4);botulin (C30H50O2); lupeol (C30H50O); 3-O acetylursolic acid (C32H50O4); taraxerol(C30H50O);ursolic acid (C30H48O3);15-oxoursolic acid (C30H46O4). The ether extract of the bark following petroleum ether extract showed the identity of betulinic acid (C30H48O3) while acetone extract gave leuco-pelargonidin (C15H14O6) (Hariharan and Rangaswami, 1966).

Flowers
 
Quercetin -3-O-glactoside (C21H20O12) is a flavonoid compound extracted from R.arboreum. Three active phenolic compounds i.e. quercetin (C15H10O7), rutin (C27H30O16) and coumaric acid (C9H8O3) have been reported in flowers of R. arboreum using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). There are many other compounds that isolated in methanolic flower extract (Swaroop, 2005).
 
Leaves
 
The green leaves of the plant contain flavonoids Quercetin -3-O-glactoside (C21H20O12) and quercetin (C15H10O7). It contains sterol beta-sitosterol (C29H50O), a new triterpenoid named campanulin, quercetin and hyperoside (C21H20O12). Chemical analysis of arboreum indicated the presence of pentacyclictriterpenoid compounds which include alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin, friedelin(C30H50O). Leaves are also reported to contain the flavone glycoside rutin (C27H30O16) and dimethyl ester of terephthalic acid (Painuli et al., 2015; Jegan and Selvaraj, 2016). Jegan and Selvaraj (2016) reported about 34 compounds out of it some are major compounds detected in Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis of methanolic extract of leaves. Compounds detected were beta-amyrin, heptadecane, 22-stigmasten-3-one, tetradecane, methyl ester, linoleic, linoleyl alcohol, beta-citronellol, dodecane, L-ascorbic acid, 2, 6- dihexadecanoate, alpha-amyrin and dibutyl phthalate (Gautam et al., 2018). In ethanolic leaf extract, about 13 compounds were identified out of these five compounds  which included geraniolformate, 1-hexadecene, 1, 2, 3, propanetriyl ester, 1-octadecanol and docosanoic acid. Gautam et al., (2018) reported  26, 24 and 17 compounds  in chloroform, ethyl acetate and hexane fractions respectively. The phenolic compounds, quercitrin, syringic acid, epicatechin and quercetin-3-O-galactoside in the methanolic leaves were extracted by RP-HPTLC and gallic acid in the leaves, three triterpenoids (ursolic acid, β-sitosterol and lupeol) in the flowers and leaves confirmed by HPTLC (Shilajan and Swar, 2013).
 
Traditional uses
 
Many wooden products like packsaddles, handles and gift-boxes are made from the wood of R. arboreum and wood is used as fuel (Chettri and Sharma, 2009; Rana et al., 2015). Paste of the bark is helpful to heal the cuts (Bhattacharyya, 2011). The beautiful flowers which attract everyone, is normally used in houses decorations. Due to its sweet-sour taste, flowers are eaten raw or made into chutneys or juice. Juice is used as a freshener and is beneficial to cure fever, diabetes, rheumatism, headache and stomachache while dried flower powder is used as a drug to cure the bloody dysentery (Semwal, 2010; Sharma and Samant, 2014; Krishna, 2014; Sharma, 2010; Shilajan and Swar, 2013).  Fig 1 and Table 2 shows traditional use of different parts of R. arboreum.

Fig 1: Future prospective of Rhododendron.



Table 2: Traditional uses of R. arboretum.


 
Pharmacological and biological properties
 
Adaptogenic activity
 
Medicinal value of plants has assumed importance during past few decades with diverse group of secondary metabolites with antioxidant potential which serve as plant defence mechanism against predation by insects, herbivores and microorganisms. Som et al., (2019) reported  that diterpenes, triterpenes, flavonoids, steroids, tannin, phenolics, saponin, glycosides, alkaloids, tannin, quercetin and gallic acid etc. isolated from Rhododendron sp. has potent anti-stress activity and strong anti-oxidant activity due to which it might be responsible for adaptogenic activity.                                                                                                  
 
Antidiarrheal activity
 
The ethyl acetate fraction of Rhododendron arboretum flowers showed potent antidiarrheal activity. The fraction significantly inhibited the number of diarrheal faeces in the castor oil induced diarrhoea (Verma et al., 2010).
 
Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activity
 
The ethyl extract fraction of flower showed significant ant-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects. Gautam et al., (2018) found that ethyl acetate extract of bark of the tree showed anti-inflammatory activity against rat paw oedema.  The anti-inflammatory or nociceptive effect of the extract may be due to the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins and other phytochemicals present either as single or in combination. The significant level of anti-inflammatory activity of the ethyl acetate extract could be attributed to high amounts of flavonoids present in the extract.
 
Anti-oxidant and anti-mutagenic activity
 
In this era of urbanization and environmental pollution, antioxidants and anti-mutagens derived from plants are the best safeguards for health of humans. Hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of R. arboreum leaf extract, decreased the production of nitric oxide radicals and inhibited the lipid peroxidation. These activities might be due to the synergistic effect of phytochemicals reported in the GC-MS profiling and the presence of phytochemicals while vitamin E might be responsible for the antioxidant activity (Prakash et al., 2007).

Acharya et al., (2011) found that the methanolic leaf extract was moderate in antioxidant effect as compared to standard quercetin, while another study revealed that the ethanolic flower extract was high in antioxidant effect and nitric oxide synthase activation (Bhandari and Rajbhandari, 2014). Sonar et al., (2012) isolated quercetin from flower petals and estimated total flavonoid  phenolic and antioxidant activity of various parts of Rhododendron arboretum.
 
Anti-cancer activity
 
Ethanolic leaf extract exhibited dose-dependent, significant activity against Agrobacterium tumefaciens induced tumour in potato disc. Isolated compound rutin and quercetin may be responsible for antitumor activity (Bhandary and Kuwabata, 2008).
 
Anti-diabetic activity
 
Anti-diabetic activity was examined in Rhododendron arboreum flower and active compounds isolated from it. According to Parcha et al., (2017), ethyl acetate soluble part was more effective in a-glucosidase inhibitory activity than the water-soluble part.
 
Cardioprotective activity
 
Distinctive secondary metabolites of R. arboreum showed the potential to defuse hazardous and harmful molecules. Ethanolic extract of R. arboreum whole plant, significantly decreased the activity of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes and decreased the levels of Mass drug administration (MDA) in serum, heart tissue and increased the activity of Superoxide dismutases (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH) in isoproterenol-treated rats. Murty et al., (2010) showed ethanolic flower extract was more effective than aqueous extract, which significantly decreased the release of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase in albino rats, while the n-butanol fraction of ethanolic extract showed maximum cardio protective activity among all the extracts.

Hypolipidemic effect
 
Oral administration of Hyppophae ramnoides fruit juice + Rhododendron arboreum flower juice in 1:4 significantly reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein and antherogenic index (Verma et al., 2011).
 
Hepatoprotective and Immuno-modulatory activity
 
Ethyl acetate fraction of flower extract exhibited hepatoprotective potential against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in preventive and curative models. In addition, ethyl acetate fraction also significantly prevented the elevation of hepatic malondialdehyde formation and depletion of reduced glutathione content in the liver of CCl4 intoxicated rats in a dose dependent manner (Painuli et al., 2015). In another study, the ethanolic leaf extract significantly reduced the serum enzyme Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), triglyceride, total bilirubin, cholesterol and excretion of ascorbic acid in urine to the normal level in carbon tetrachloride treated rats (Acharya et al., 2011). Alcoholic extract of the leaves of R. arboreum was an effective and safe immunosuppressive agent (Bhandary and Kuwabata, 2008).
 
Toxicity and anti-microbial activity
 
The leaves exhibited significant cytotoxicity, while stem, roots had moderate effect with bark showing least significance. The presence of glycosides, alkaloids and flavonoids in the extract might be responsible for activity (Ali et al., 2008). The methanolic crude extracts of flower, leaf, stem and roots of R. arboreum possessed significant potency against B. subtilus, Salmonella typhi and S. aureus (Ali et al., 2008; Prakash et al., 2008). Prakash et al., (2008) stated that the leaf extract was fairly effective, than flower extract. The zone of inhibition of methanol and aqueous leaves extracts for S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogene and E. coli. (Chauhan et al., 2016). Sharma et al., (2013) reported that ethanolic flower extract was very effective against B. subtilis, S. aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli. Ethanol, methanol extract and isolated quercetin showed lowest effective concentration against E. coli and S. Aureus (Bhandary and Kuwabata, 2008). In another study, the ethanolic flower extract showed significant role against E. coli, S. epidermidis and S. aureus respectively and also showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans and Aspergillus parasiticus while the water extract, showed significant result against Candida albicans, Aspergillus parasiticus and for Aspergillus flavus (Saranya and Ravi 2016). Methanol and the ethyl acetate extract showed effective antifungal activity against Fusarium solani, Aspergillus niger, Microsporum canis, Cantharellus flavus, Candida albacan and Candida glaberata. The high activity of betulin and 3β-acetoxyurs-11, 12- epoxy-13β might be due to its hydrophilic nature (Ali et al., 2008). Chauhan et al., (2016) reported that methanol and aqueous leaf extract wereeffective against the fungus Trichoderma viride and Candida.

CONCLUSION

Present review focussed on the value of the Rhododendron in food and pharmaceutical industry. Rhododendron has a special value in the cultural and economic life of human beings. It is sometimes planted in religious places for decoration purposes. This plant has anti-inflammatory, hepato-protective, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-diabetic, antioxidant properties due to presence of secondary metabolites like flavonoids, saponins, tannins and other phytochemicals. However, young leaves when consumed in large quantities may cause intoxication. The commercial utilization of Rhododendron flower for various products may make it available throughout the year in the coming years. It can provide various opportunities in developing marketing strategies and employment to many people in rural areas. Although more research is needed for creating its awareness and benefits among consumers, further explorations are needed by food scientists for their existence in food market and to enhance the economy of the food producers.

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