Agricultural Reviews

Propagation Studies in Sapodilla [Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen]: A Review

DOI: 10.18805/ag.R-2010    | Article Id: R-2010 | Page : 356-363
Citation :- Propagation Studies in Sapodilla [Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen]: A Review.Agricultural Reviews.2020.(41):356-363
Satinder Kaur, Rajbir Singh Boora, Daljinder Singh satinder-fs@pau.edu
Address : Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Fruit Research Station, Bahadurgarh, Patiala-147 021, Punjab, India.
Submitted Date : 24-04-2020
Accepted Date : 4-09-2020
First Online:

Abstract

Sapota [Manilkara zapota (L) P. Royen] is an important commercial fruit crop of Sapotaceae family grown for fresh fruits and chicle production. Sapota when propagated by vegetative means, produce true to type plant material and reduces juvenile period and result in early commercial production. Various propagation techniques on different rootstocks were tried for the purpose. Among different rootstocks, khirni (Manilkara hexandra) was found most successful and is used for commercial plant propagation as it possesses high graft compatibility with sapota and plants produce fruits of excellent quality with high yield. Various vegetative propagation techniques have been standardized and used on large scale depending upon season and region. The general techniques used for sapota propagation are softwood grafting, veneer grafting, side grafting, inarching and air layering. Softwood grafting is employed in regions with moderate temperature and high relative humidity which prevent desiccation of scion stick. Veneer and side grafting using mature scion stick is also found effective in regions with variable climates. Inarching technique possess high graft survival rate and is practiced by private nurseries. Propagation through cuttings is not successful in sapota even when treated with rooting hormones. Micro-propagation in sapota by tissue culture techniques have been tried but application remains limited to academics only. This may be due to high phenolic contents and sap exudation in explant. Special protocols for successful root and shoot regeneration are required to be standardized for commercial scale plant propagation.

Keywords

Inarching Khirni Manilkara zapota Propagation Side Softwood grafting Veneer

References

  1. Anonymous, (2018). Horticultural statistics at a glance. Department of Agriculture, co-operation and Farmer Welfare, Govt. of India. pp 192. www.agricoop.nic.in
  2. Bajaniya, V.G., Karetha, K.M., Parmar, L.S., Purohit, V.L. and Chotaliya, B.M. (2018). Influence of pre-soaking treatment on seedling growth of khirni (Manilkara hexandra Roxb) Seedling cv. Local. International Journal of Pure and Applied Biosciences. 6(1): 1668-1672.
  3. Ballantyne, D.J. (1991). Shoot growth and gross photosynthesis of evergreen Azaleas. Journal of Horticultural Sciences. 26: 377-380.
  4. Bapat, V.A. and Narayanaswami S. (1977). Mesocarp and endosperm culture of Achras sapota L in-vitro. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 15: 294-306.
  5. Bhanuprakash, K., Yogeesha, H.S., Arun, M.N. and Naik, L.B. (2008). Effect of storage and priming on seed viability and vigour in khirni. Seed Research. 36(1): 47-50.
  6. Bhuva, H.P., Katrodia, J.S. and Chundawat, B.S. (1990). Influence of environment on success of sapota (Achras zapota L.) propagation. Horticultural Journal. 3(1-2):6-9.
  7. Chadha, K.L. (1992). Strategy for optimisation of productivity and utilisation of sapota [Manilkara achras (Mill.) Fosberg]. Indian Journal of Horticulture. 49: 1-17.
  8. Copeland, L.O. and Mcdonald, M.B.(1995). Principles of Seed Science and Technology. III edn. Chapman and Hall Pub, New York. pp 127-146.
  9. Ghosh, S.N., Bera, B., Roy, S. and Banik, B.C. (2010). Effect of cultivars and season on grafting success in sapota under Paschim Midnapur conditions of West Bengal. Journal of Horticultural Sciences. 5: 138-139.
  10. Ghritlahare, S. and Ashutosh, (2018). Performance of sapota (Manilkara achras Mill.) softwood grafts on pre-curing and different season. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 6: 1768-1772.
  11. Hussain, A. and Bukhari, M.A. (1977) Performance of different grafting methods in chiku. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 9: 47-57.
  12. Islam, M.N., Rahim, M.A. and Farooque, A.M. (2004). Standardization of time and grafting techniques in mango under Bangladesh condition. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 3: 378-386.
  13. Kalalbandi, B.M., Ziauddin, S. and Shinde, B.N. (2014). Effect of time of softwood grafting on the success of sapota grafts in shade net under Marathwada conditions. Agricultural Science Digest. 34: 151-153.
  14. Kalesh, K.S., Shareef, S.M., Mathew, S.P. and Chemburkar, M.S. (2005). Chrysophyllum lanceolatum - a new rootstock for sapota (Achras zapota L.). Journal of Applied Horticulture. 7(1): 23-24.
  15. Kulwal, L.V., Tayed, G.S. and Deshmukh, P.P. (1985). Studies on soft-wood grafting of sapota. P K V Research Journal. 9: 33-36. 
  16. Malik, S.K., Choudhary, R., Kumar, S., Dhariwal, O.P., Deswal, R.P.S. and Chaudhury, R. (2012). Socio-economic and horticultural potential of Khirni : a promising underutilized fruit species of India [Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard]. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 59: 1255-1265.
  17. Maske, R.S., Kamble, A.B. and Pandure, A.B. (2010). Effect of season on success on softwood grafting in sapota. The Asian Journal of Horticulture. 4: 515-516.  
  18. Mortan, J. (1987). Sapodilla. In: Fruits of Warm Climates [Moore J E and Steam S (ed)]. Miami Florida, USA. pp. 393-398.
  19. Mukherjee, S.K. and Litz, R.E. (2009). The mango: Botany, production and uses. [Richard E L (ed)] CAB International.
  20. Nache, G.V., Vasanth, K.R. and Shyamalamma, (2006). Studies on vegetative propagation of khirni (Manilkara hexandra (Roxb) Dub.) by air layering. I: [Webster A D and Ramirez H (ed)] Xth IS on plant bioregulators in fruit proceedings. pp 85-87.
  21. Niranjan, D. (2011). Studies on propagation methods in sapota (Manilkara zapota L. P. Royen) cultivars. Ph.D. dissertation. Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India.
  22. Nitish, H.T., Murthy, V., Goudappanavar, P.B. and Raj, D.N. (2019). Standardization of softwood grafting techniques in sapot (Manilkara achras L.) on invigorated khirni rootstock under polyhouse and shade net conditions. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 7: 2079-2081.
  23. Pampana, Y. and Sulikeri, G.S. (2001). Effect of pre-curing of scion sticks on the success and growth of softwood grafts in sapota cv. Kalipatti. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 14: 1025-1029.
  24. Pampanna, Y., Sulikeri, G.S. and Hulamani, N.C. (2000). Effect of season on the success of softwood grafting in sapota cv. Kalipatti. Journal of South Indian Horticulture. 52: 252-255.
  25. Patil, S.R., Deshmukh, N.A., Sonkamble, A.M. and Ganvir, M.M. (2012). Effect of age of scion on the percentage graft-take and growth of grafts in softwood grafting of chiku (Manilkara achras L.) cv. Cricket ball. Asian Journal of Horticulture. 7: 266-268.
  26. Prasad, B., Prasad, R. (2009). Influence of growth regulators on seed germination and seedling vigour in West Himalayan banj oak (Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus). Seed Research. 37: 76-80.
  27. Purohit, S.D. and Singhvi, A. (1998). Micropropagation of Achras sapota through enhanced axillary branching. Scientia Horticulturae. 76(3-4): 219-229.
  28. Purohit, S.D., Singhvi, A. and Nagori, R. (2004).In vitro shoot bud differentiation from leaf segments of Achras sapota. Biologia Plantarum. 48: 109-112.
  29. Ratna, R., Malay, S., Ranjan, S. and Uniyal, S. (2018). Improving Seed Germination and Seedling traits by pre-sowing treatments in khirni (Manilkara hexandra).Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences. 7(4): 77-81.
  30. Reddy, Y.T.N. and Khan, M.M. (2002). Effect of osmo-priming on germination, seedling growth and vigour of Khirni seeds. Seed Research. 29(1): 24-27.
  31. Richards, A.V. (1943). Studies in propagation of Sapodilla. Tropical Agriculturist. 99: 78-82.
  32. Salisbury, F.B., Ross, C.W. (1995). Plant Physiology. II Indian edn. CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, pp: 325.
  33. Sandhu, M.K. (1991). Standardization of grafting techniques in sapota (Achras zapota L.). Acta Horticulturae. 321: 610-615.
  34. Sanjay, S. and Singh, A.K. (2015). Standardization of time of softwood grafting in mahua (Bassia latifolia) and khirni (Manilkara hexandra) under semi-arid environment of western India. Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences. 85: 166-170.
  35. Sayed, I.A. (1962). Fruit Nursery Practices of India. 148-53.
  36. Selvaraj, Y. and Pal, D.K. (1984). Changes in the chemical composition and enzyme activity of the two-sapodilla cultivars during development and ripening. Journal of Horticultural Sciences. 59: 275-281. 
  37. Sengupta, A. (1999). Studies on vegetative propagation of sapota (Achras zapota L.) by veneer grafting. M. Sc. Thesis, Department of Agriculture, University of Calcutta, Kolkata.
  38. Shah, S.H. (2007). Physiological effects of pre-sowing seed treatment with gibberellic acid on Nigella sativa L. Acta Botanica Croatica. 66: 67-73.
  39. Shirol, A.M., Hanamashetti, S.I., Kanamadi, V.C., Thammaiah, N. and Patil, S. (2005). Studies on pre-soaking method and season of grafting of sapota rootstock khirni. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science. 18: 96-100.
  40. Singh, H.P. (1991). Current scenario of sapota growing in India. In: National Seminar on optimization of productivity and utilization of sapota held at GAU, Navsari campus pp:1.
  41. Singh, R. and Bons, H.K. (2016). Standardization of propagation techniques in sapota [Manilkara achras (Mill.) Fosberg] under north Indian conditions. Res Crops. 17: 534-537.
  42. Tanjua, P. and Thippesha, D. (2016). Effect of scion diameter on success rate of softwood grafts in sapota (Achras zapota L.). J Adv Life Sci. 5: 2151-55.
  43. Vachhani, K.B.,  Gohil, J.H.,  Pandey, R. and  Ray, N.R. (2014). Influence of chemicals, PGR’s and cow-dung slurry as seed treatment on germiability, growth and development of Khirnee (Manilkara hexandra Roxb) under net house condition. Trends in Biosciences. 7(14): 1641-1643.
  44. Waghmare, G.M. (1990). Studies on standardization of softwood grafting in Sapota (Manilkara achras Mill.) var. Kalipatti. M.Sc (Agri.) Thesis, Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeta, Dapoli, Maharashtra.
  45. Wankhede, S.R., Kulkarni, R.M., Chitte, A.R. and Kausadikar, P.R. (2008). Effect of growth regulators and organic waste on germination of khirni seeds. Journal of Soils and Crops. 2: 451-453.
  46. Wazarkar, S.S., Patel, H.C., Masu, M.M., Parmar, A.B. and Sitapara, H.H. (2009). Effect of grafting dates and grafting materials on soft wood grafting in sapota under middle Gujarat agro climatic conditions. Asian Journal of Horticulture. 4: 434-439.
  47. Yuniastuti, E., Wardani, N.C. and Nandariyah. (2016). The effect of explant type and 6-Benzyl Adenine (BAP) in sapodilla (Achras zapota) micropropagation. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 12(4): 206-213.

Global Footprints