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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Reviewer Article

volume 40 issue 4 (december 2019) : 289-295,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1903

Sea Buckthorn a Boon for Trans-Himalayan Region of Ladakh: A Review

K
Kunzang Lamo
S
Shivendu Pratap Singh Solanki
1Division of Fruit Science, PAU, Ludhiana-141 004, Punjab, India.
Cite article:- Lamo Kunzang, Solanki Singh Pratap Shivendu (2019). Sea Buckthorn a Boon for Trans-Himalayan Region of Ladakh: A Review. Agricultural Reviews. 40(4): 289-295. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1903.

ABSTRACT

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is an ecologically and economically important plant species and is currently being domesticated in various parts of the world including India. Sea buckthorn achieved a unique status in the trans-Himalayan Ladakh because of its immense medicinal and therapeutic potentials. High nutrient and medicinal values of the fruit attracts researchers to exploit in the field of biotechnology, neutraceutical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and environmental sciences. However, unrestrained exploitation and even destruction of sea buckthorn resources leads to loss in its diversification and extinction. Therefore, there is need to conserve the wild genotypes of sea buckthorn to make them available as a source for breeding of new plant varieties in future and judicious utilization of wild species can bring more benefit to mankind throughout the world.  Application of DNA markers to facilitate marker-aided selection (MAS) for diversity studies and identification of cold resistant genes have been developed, further improvements is still needed. Advances in plant genomics, genetic mapping and QTL analysis provide further means to improve the understanding of crop diversity at species and gene levels, it also accelerated the dissection of genetic control of important traits and development of high value genotypes in the context of breeding programs. Advances in biotechnology provided many tools that will benefit in providing quality planting material, generation of new cultivars and mass propagation therefore help in area expansion in areas like Ladakh. DRDO is an active organization in collaboration with other institutes to enhance the research field in sea buckthorn and grant patent on its products. There is no doubt that the future holds great promise for sea buckthorn cultivation in Ladakh and  efforts need to be made to certify sea buckthorn as organic. 

REFERENCES

  1. Aras, T. A. and Turkiyenin. (1995). Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. caucasica Rousi Polenleri. Proc. Ulusal Palinoloji Kongresi. Aralýk, I.U. Orman Fak, Istanbul. 84–92.
  2. Aras, T. A., Akkemik, U., Kaya, Z. (2007). Hippophae rhamnoides L.: fruit and seed morphology and its taxonomic problems in Turkey. Pak J Bot. 39: 1907–1916. 
  3. Bartish, I. V., Jeppsson, N., Bartish, G. I., Lu, R. and Nybom, H. (2000). Inter- and intraspecific genetic variation in Hippophae (Elaeagnaceae) investigated by RAPD markers. Plant Syst Evol. 225: 85–101.
  4. Chawla, A., Kant A., Stobdan, T., Srivastava, R. B. and Chauhan, R. S (2014) Sex specific SCAR markers development in Hippophae salicifolia and H. tibetana. International Conference on Plant Biotechnology, Molecular Medicine & Human Health. Department of Genetics, University of Delhi. October 2013.
  5. Chunhua, G. (2000). Tissue culture of stem apex of superior sea buckthorn lines. Hippophae 13:1.
  6. Ding, J., Ruan, C.J., Bao, Y.H. and Guan, Y. (2015). Analysis of genetic relationships in sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) germplasm from China and other countries using ISSR markers. J Hort Sci and Biotech. 90: 599- 606. 
  7. Ding, J., Ruan, C.J., Guan, Y., Shan, J.Y., Li, H. and Bao, Y.H. (2016). Characterization and identification of ISSR markers associated with oil content in sea buckthorn berries. Genet and Mol Res. 15 (3).
  8. Dwivedi, S., Stobdan, T. and Singh, S. (2009). Seabuckthorn in Ladakh. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae spp.). The Golden Bush. Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi. Pp. 35–51. 
  9. Ercisli, S., Orhan, E., Yildirim, N. and Agar, G. (2008). Comparison of sea buckthorn genotypes (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) based on RAPD and FAME data. Turk J Agric For. 32: 363–368.
  10. Ghangal, R., Chaudhary, S., Jain, M., Purty, R.S. and Sharma, P C. (2013). Optimization of de novo short read assembly of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) transcriptome. PLoS One. 8: 725-16.
  11. Goel, H. C., Kumar, P. I., Samanta, N. and Rana, S. V. S. (2003). Induction of DNA-Protein Cross-Links by Hippophae rhamnoides: Implication in Radiation Protection and Cytotoxicity. Mol Cell Biochem. 245: 57-67. 
  12. Grover, A. and Sharma, P. C. (2011). Is spatial occurrence of microsatellites in the genome a determinant of their function and dynamics contributing to genome evolution? Curr. Sci. 100: 859–869.
  13. Gupta, A., Kumar, R., Pal, K., Banerjee, P. K. and Sawhney, R. C. (2005). A preclinical study of the effects of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaf extract on cutaneous wound healing in albino rats. Int J Low Extr Wound. 4:88-92.
  14. Gupta, S. and Ahmed, Z. (2010). Seabuckthorn (Hippophae salicifolia L.) plant: as sourcedonor of cold tolerant genes for improving high altitude agriculture during coldstress. Environ. Res. 3: 105–112. 
  15. Gupta, S. M., Grover, A., Pandey, P. and Ahmed, Z. (2012). Female plants of Hippophaesalicifolia D. Don are more responsive to cold stress than male plants. Physiol Mol Biol Plants. 18: 377–380. 
  16. Gupta, S. M., Pandey, P., Grover, A., Ahmed, Z. (2011). Breaking seed dormancy in Hippophae salicifolia, a high value medicinal plant. Physiol Mol Biol Plants. 17: 403–406.
  17. Gupta, V.N., Nepal, V.P., Adhikari, K.J., Ghimire, S. and Subedi, C.K. (2000). A brief report on an ecological assessment of sea buckthorn resource in Dolpa and Jumla districts of Nepal. TISC, Hattisar, Nepal. 
  18. He, G.G., Zhang, J., Duan, A. and Luo, H. (2016). Proteome profiling reveals insights into cold-tolerant growth in sea buckthorn Caiyun. Proteome Sci.
  19. Jain, A., Chaudhary, S., and Chand, P. (2014). Mining of microsatellites using next generation sequencing of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) transcriptome. Physiol Mol Biol Plants. 20(1):115–123.
  20. Jasra, A.W. (1998). Seabuckthorn: A Medicinal Plant for High Arid- Regions. Asia Pacific Mountain Network. National Aridland Development and Research Institute (NADRI), Pakistan. 3(1).
  21. Jeppsson, N. and Trajkowski, V. (2003). Research and development of sea buckthorn in Sweden. In: Singh V (ed) Sea buckthorn (Hippophae L.): a multipurpose wonder plant, vol I, Indus Publishing, New Delhi. pp 494–503.
  22. Kaminski, K.P., Petersen, A.H., Sønderkær, M., Pedersen, L.H., Pedersen, H., Feder, C. and Nielsen, K.L. (2012). Transcriptome analysis suggests that starch synthesis may proceed via multiple metabolic routes in high yielding potato cultivars. PloS One. 7: 51248.
  23. Lacis, G., Kota I., and Rungis, D. (2014). Application of SSR markers for the assessment of Latvian sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) genetic diversity. Singh V. (Ed.). Sea buckthorn (Hippophae L.): a multipurpose wonder plant. 4: 157–166.
  24. Lacis, G., Kota-Dombrovska I. and Bartulsons T. (2017). Genetic structure of cultivated Latvian sea buckthorn (Hippophaë hamnoides L.) germplasm revealed by molecular markers. 1172: 205-212.
  25. Li, C., Xu, G., Zhang, R., Korpelainen, H. and Berninger, F. (2007). Sex related differences in leaf morphological and physiological responses in Hippophae rhamnoides along and altitudinal gradient. Tree Phys. 27:399–406.
  26. Li, T.S.C. (1999). Sea buckthorn: New crop opportunity. In: Janick, J. (ed). Prospectives on new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria. Pp 335–337.
  27. Li, T.S.C. (2002). Product development of sea buckthorn. In: Janick J, Whipkey A (eds) Trends in new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria. Pp 393–398.
  28. Li, T. S.C. (2003). Taxonomy, natural distribution and botany. In: Li TSC, Beveridge THJ (eds) Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.): Production and utilization. PRC Research Press, Ontario. Pp 7–12.
  29. Liu, C.Q., Xia, X.L., Yin, W.L., Zhou, J.H., Tang, H.R. (2007). Direct somatic embryogenesis from leaves, cotyledons and hypocotyls of Hippophae rhamnoides. Biologia plantarum. 51: 635–64.
  30. Mathew, D., Parimelazhagan, T., Gomez, S. and Ahmed, Z. (2007). Characterization of sea buckthorn (Hippophae ssp.) genetic resources in India using morphological descriptors. Biodiversity. Int Newsletter Portal. 149:22–26. 
  31. Nawaz, M.A., Krutovsky, K.V., Mueller, M., Gailing, O., Khan, A.A, Buerkert, A. and Wiehle, M. (2018). Morphological and Genetic Diversity of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in the Karakoram Mountains of Northern Pakistan. Diversity. 10: 76.
  32. Persson, H. A. and Nybom, H. (1998). Genetic sex determination and RAPD marker segregation in the dioecious species sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). Hereditas. 129: 45–51.
  33. Puterova, J., Razumova, O., Martinek, T., Alexandrov, O., Divashuk, M., Kubat, Z., Hobza, R., Karlov, G. and Kejnovsky, E. (2017). Satellite DNA and Transposable Elements in Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), a Dioecious Plant with Small Y and Large X Chromosomes. Genome Bio and Evol. 9(1):197–212. 
  34. Rajchal, R. (2009). Seabuckthorn (Hippophae salicifolia) Management Guide. Foundation, UK and ComForM (Community Based Natural Forest and Tree Management in the Himalaya), IoF, Pokhara, Nepal.
  35. Renjun, F., Jingming, D., Man, C. and Ying, L. (2008). Longiorn (Asian haladendri) and its control in sea buckthorn in China. I: Singh, V. (ed) Sea buckthorn (Hippophae L.)—    a multipurpose wonder plant, vol 3, Advances in research and development. Daya publishing house, Delhi. Pp 181–183.
  36. Rongsen, A. (1992). Sea buckthorn a multi-purpose plant species for fragile mountains. ICIMOD Occasional Paper No. 20, Khathmandou. p 62. 
  37. Ruan, C. and Li, D. Q. (2005). AFLP fingerprinting analysis of some cultivated varieties of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides). J Genetics. 84: 311–316. 
  38. Sabir, S. M., Ahmad, S. D. and Lodhi, N. (2003). Morphological and biochemical variation in Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. turkestanica), multipurpose plant from fragile mountains of Pakistan. S Afr J Bot. 69: 587–592.
  39. Saggu, S., Divekar, H. M., Gupta, V., Sawhney, R. C., Banerjee, P. K. and Kumar, R. (2007). Adaptogenic and safety evaluation of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) leaf extract: A dose dependent study. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 45: 609–617.
  40. Saikia, M. and Handique, P.J. (2014). In vitro propagation and assessment of genetic fidelity of seabuckthorn (Hippophae salicifolia d. don) using RAPD markers and evaluation of their antibacterial efficacy: Pharmaceutically important medicinal plant. Journal Phar and Pharmaceutical Sci. 3(9): 1542-1559.
  41. Servettaz, C. (1908). Monographie der Elaeagnaceae.-Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt. 25: 18.
  42. Shah, A.H., Ahmad, S.D., Khaliq, I., Batool, F., Hassan, L. and Pearce, R. S. (2009). Evaluation of phylogenetic relationship among sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. ssp. turkestanica) wild ecotypes from Pakistan using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Pak J Bot. 41: 2419– 2426.
  43. Sheng, H.M., An, L.Z., Chen, T., Xu, S.J., Liu, G.X., Zheng, X.L., Pu, L.L., Liu, Y.J. and Lian, Y.S. (2006). Analysis of genetic diversity and relationships among and within species of Hippophae (Elaeagnaceae) based on RAPD markers. Plant Syst Evol. 260: 25–37.
  44. Shuunguang, L. and Chaode, M. (2001). Direction, focus and contents of Sea buckthorn research and development in China facing the new century. International Workshop on Seabuckthorn. 18–21 February.
  45. Singh, R., Mishra, S. N., Dwivedi, S.K., and Ahmed, Z. (2006). Genetic variation in sea buckthorn (Hippophae amnoides L.) populations of cold arid Ladakh (India) using RAPD markers. Curr Sci. 91: 1321– 1322.
  46. Small, E., Catling, P.M., and Li, T.S.C. (2002). Blossoming treasures of Biodiversity: Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)-    an ancient crop with modern virtues. Biodiversity. 3(2): 25-27. 
  47. Sriskandarajah, S. and Lundquist, P.O. (2009). High frequency shoots organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in juvenile and adult tissues of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). Plant Cell Tiss Organ Culture. 99: 259–268.
  48. Sriskandarajah, S., Clapham D. and Lundquist P. (2014). Development of a Genetic Transformation Method for Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). Am J Plant Sci. 5: 528-534.
  49. Stobdan, T., Angchuk, D. and Singh, S. B. (2008). Seabuckthorn: an emerging storehousefor researchers in India. Curr Sci. 94: 1236–1237.
  50. Stobdan, T., Korekar, G., and Srivastava, R. B. (2013). Nutritional attributes and health application of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) a review. Curr Nutri and Food Sci. 9: 151-165.
  51. Sun, K., Chen, W., Ma, R., Chen, X., Li, A. and Ge, S. (2006). Genetic variation in Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. sinensis (Elaeagnaceae) revealed by RAPD markers. Biochem Genet. 44: 186–197.
  52. Sun, K., Ma, R., Chen, X., Li, C. and Ge, S. (2003). Hybrid origin of the diploid species Hippophae goniocarpa evidenced by the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear rDNA. Belg J Bot. 136: 91–96. 
  53. Tigong, C. (1988). An investigation of the biochemical compositions of sea buckthorn in the province of Kansu and its quality evaluation. Oblepikha. 1: 35-8.
  54. Tiitinen, K.M., Yang, B., Haraldsson, G.G., Jonsdottir, S. and Kallio, H.P. (2006). Fast analysis of sugars, fruit acids and vitamin C in Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) varieties. J Agri Food Chem. 54: 2508-2513. 
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  56. Wang, A.L., Zhang, Q., Wan, D.S., Yang, Y.Z. and Liu, J.Q. (2008). Nine microsatellite DNA primers for Hippophae rhamnoides ssp sinensis (Elaeagnaceae). Conserv Genet. 9: 969–971.
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    Reviewer Article

    volume 40 issue 4 (december 2019) : 289-295,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1903

    Sea Buckthorn a Boon for Trans-Himalayan Region of Ladakh: A Review

    K
    Kunzang Lamo
    S
    Shivendu Pratap Singh Solanki
    1Division of Fruit Science, PAU, Ludhiana-141 004, Punjab, India.
    Cite article:- Lamo Kunzang, Solanki Singh Pratap Shivendu (2019). Sea Buckthorn a Boon for Trans-Himalayan Region of Ladakh: A Review. Agricultural Reviews. 40(4): 289-295. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1903.

    ABSTRACT

    Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is an ecologically and economically important plant species and is currently being domesticated in various parts of the world including India. Sea buckthorn achieved a unique status in the trans-Himalayan Ladakh because of its immense medicinal and therapeutic potentials. High nutrient and medicinal values of the fruit attracts researchers to exploit in the field of biotechnology, neutraceutical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and environmental sciences. However, unrestrained exploitation and even destruction of sea buckthorn resources leads to loss in its diversification and extinction. Therefore, there is need to conserve the wild genotypes of sea buckthorn to make them available as a source for breeding of new plant varieties in future and judicious utilization of wild species can bring more benefit to mankind throughout the world.  Application of DNA markers to facilitate marker-aided selection (MAS) for diversity studies and identification of cold resistant genes have been developed, further improvements is still needed. Advances in plant genomics, genetic mapping and QTL analysis provide further means to improve the understanding of crop diversity at species and gene levels, it also accelerated the dissection of genetic control of important traits and development of high value genotypes in the context of breeding programs. Advances in biotechnology provided many tools that will benefit in providing quality planting material, generation of new cultivars and mass propagation therefore help in area expansion in areas like Ladakh. DRDO is an active organization in collaboration with other institutes to enhance the research field in sea buckthorn and grant patent on its products. There is no doubt that the future holds great promise for sea buckthorn cultivation in Ladakh and  efforts need to be made to certify sea buckthorn as organic. 

    REFERENCES

    1. Aras, T. A. and Turkiyenin. (1995). Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. caucasica Rousi Polenleri. Proc. Ulusal Palinoloji Kongresi. Aralýk, I.U. Orman Fak, Istanbul. 84–92.
    2. Aras, T. A., Akkemik, U., Kaya, Z. (2007). Hippophae rhamnoides L.: fruit and seed morphology and its taxonomic problems in Turkey. Pak J Bot. 39: 1907–1916. 
    3. Bartish, I. V., Jeppsson, N., Bartish, G. I., Lu, R. and Nybom, H. (2000). Inter- and intraspecific genetic variation in Hippophae (Elaeagnaceae) investigated by RAPD markers. Plant Syst Evol. 225: 85–101.
    4. Chawla, A., Kant A., Stobdan, T., Srivastava, R. B. and Chauhan, R. S (2014) Sex specific SCAR markers development in Hippophae salicifolia and H. tibetana. International Conference on Plant Biotechnology, Molecular Medicine & Human Health. Department of Genetics, University of Delhi. October 2013.
    5. Chunhua, G. (2000). Tissue culture of stem apex of superior sea buckthorn lines. Hippophae 13:1.
    6. Ding, J., Ruan, C.J., Bao, Y.H. and Guan, Y. (2015). Analysis of genetic relationships in sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) germplasm from China and other countries using ISSR markers. J Hort Sci and Biotech. 90: 599- 606. 
    7. Ding, J., Ruan, C.J., Guan, Y., Shan, J.Y., Li, H. and Bao, Y.H. (2016). Characterization and identification of ISSR markers associated with oil content in sea buckthorn berries. Genet and Mol Res. 15 (3).
    8. Dwivedi, S., Stobdan, T. and Singh, S. (2009). Seabuckthorn in Ladakh. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae spp.). The Golden Bush. Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi. Pp. 35–51. 
    9. Ercisli, S., Orhan, E., Yildirim, N. and Agar, G. (2008). Comparison of sea buckthorn genotypes (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) based on RAPD and FAME data. Turk J Agric For. 32: 363–368.
    10. Ghangal, R., Chaudhary, S., Jain, M., Purty, R.S. and Sharma, P C. (2013). Optimization of de novo short read assembly of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) transcriptome. PLoS One. 8: 725-16.
    11. Goel, H. C., Kumar, P. I., Samanta, N. and Rana, S. V. S. (2003). Induction of DNA-Protein Cross-Links by Hippophae rhamnoides: Implication in Radiation Protection and Cytotoxicity. Mol Cell Biochem. 245: 57-67. 
    12. Grover, A. and Sharma, P. C. (2011). Is spatial occurrence of microsatellites in the genome a determinant of their function and dynamics contributing to genome evolution? Curr. Sci. 100: 859–869.
    13. Gupta, A., Kumar, R., Pal, K., Banerjee, P. K. and Sawhney, R. C. (2005). A preclinical study of the effects of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaf extract on cutaneous wound healing in albino rats. Int J Low Extr Wound. 4:88-92.
    14. Gupta, S. and Ahmed, Z. (2010). Seabuckthorn (Hippophae salicifolia L.) plant: as sourcedonor of cold tolerant genes for improving high altitude agriculture during coldstress. Environ. Res. 3: 105–112. 
    15. Gupta, S. M., Grover, A., Pandey, P. and Ahmed, Z. (2012). Female plants of Hippophaesalicifolia D. Don are more responsive to cold stress than male plants. Physiol Mol Biol Plants. 18: 377–380. 
    16. Gupta, S. M., Pandey, P., Grover, A., Ahmed, Z. (2011). Breaking seed dormancy in Hippophae salicifolia, a high value medicinal plant. Physiol Mol Biol Plants. 17: 403–406.
    17. Gupta, V.N., Nepal, V.P., Adhikari, K.J., Ghimire, S. and Subedi, C.K. (2000). A brief report on an ecological assessment of sea buckthorn resource in Dolpa and Jumla districts of Nepal. TISC, Hattisar, Nepal. 
    18. He, G.G., Zhang, J., Duan, A. and Luo, H. (2016). Proteome profiling reveals insights into cold-tolerant growth in sea buckthorn Caiyun. Proteome Sci.
    19. Jain, A., Chaudhary, S., and Chand, P. (2014). Mining of microsatellites using next generation sequencing of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) transcriptome. Physiol Mol Biol Plants. 20(1):115–123.
    20. Jasra, A.W. (1998). Seabuckthorn: A Medicinal Plant for High Arid- Regions. Asia Pacific Mountain Network. National Aridland Development and Research Institute (NADRI), Pakistan. 3(1).
    21. Jeppsson, N. and Trajkowski, V. (2003). Research and development of sea buckthorn in Sweden. In: Singh V (ed) Sea buckthorn (Hippophae L.): a multipurpose wonder plant, vol I, Indus Publishing, New Delhi. pp 494–503.
    22. Kaminski, K.P., Petersen, A.H., Sønderkær, M., Pedersen, L.H., Pedersen, H., Feder, C. and Nielsen, K.L. (2012). Transcriptome analysis suggests that starch synthesis may proceed via multiple metabolic routes in high yielding potato cultivars. PloS One. 7: 51248.
    23. Lacis, G., Kota I., and Rungis, D. (2014). Application of SSR markers for the assessment of Latvian sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) genetic diversity. Singh V. (Ed.). Sea buckthorn (Hippophae L.): a multipurpose wonder plant. 4: 157–166.
    24. Lacis, G., Kota-Dombrovska I. and Bartulsons T. (2017). Genetic structure of cultivated Latvian sea buckthorn (Hippophaë hamnoides L.) germplasm revealed by molecular markers. 1172: 205-212.
    25. Li, C., Xu, G., Zhang, R., Korpelainen, H. and Berninger, F. (2007). Sex related differences in leaf morphological and physiological responses in Hippophae rhamnoides along and altitudinal gradient. Tree Phys. 27:399–406.
    26. Li, T.S.C. (1999). Sea buckthorn: New crop opportunity. In: Janick, J. (ed). Prospectives on new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria. Pp 335–337.
    27. Li, T.S.C. (2002). Product development of sea buckthorn. In: Janick J, Whipkey A (eds) Trends in new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria. Pp 393–398.
    28. Li, T. S.C. (2003). Taxonomy, natural distribution and botany. In: Li TSC, Beveridge THJ (eds) Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.): Production and utilization. PRC Research Press, Ontario. Pp 7–12.
    29. Liu, C.Q., Xia, X.L., Yin, W.L., Zhou, J.H., Tang, H.R. (2007). Direct somatic embryogenesis from leaves, cotyledons and hypocotyls of Hippophae rhamnoides. Biologia plantarum. 51: 635–64.
    30. Mathew, D., Parimelazhagan, T., Gomez, S. and Ahmed, Z. (2007). Characterization of sea buckthorn (Hippophae ssp.) genetic resources in India using morphological descriptors. Biodiversity. Int Newsletter Portal. 149:22–26. 
    31. Nawaz, M.A., Krutovsky, K.V., Mueller, M., Gailing, O., Khan, A.A, Buerkert, A. and Wiehle, M. (2018). Morphological and Genetic Diversity of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in the Karakoram Mountains of Northern Pakistan. Diversity. 10: 76.
    32. Persson, H. A. and Nybom, H. (1998). Genetic sex determination and RAPD marker segregation in the dioecious species sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). Hereditas. 129: 45–51.
    33. Puterova, J., Razumova, O., Martinek, T., Alexandrov, O., Divashuk, M., Kubat, Z., Hobza, R., Karlov, G. and Kejnovsky, E. (2017). Satellite DNA and Transposable Elements in Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), a Dioecious Plant with Small Y and Large X Chromosomes. Genome Bio and Evol. 9(1):197–212. 
    34. Rajchal, R. (2009). Seabuckthorn (Hippophae salicifolia) Management Guide. Foundation, UK and ComForM (Community Based Natural Forest and Tree Management in the Himalaya), IoF, Pokhara, Nepal.
    35. Renjun, F., Jingming, D., Man, C. and Ying, L. (2008). Longiorn (Asian haladendri) and its control in sea buckthorn in China. I: Singh, V. (ed) Sea buckthorn (Hippophae L.)—    a multipurpose wonder plant, vol 3, Advances in research and development. Daya publishing house, Delhi. Pp 181–183.
    36. Rongsen, A. (1992). Sea buckthorn a multi-purpose plant species for fragile mountains. ICIMOD Occasional Paper No. 20, Khathmandou. p 62. 
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