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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Reviewer Article

volume 40 issue 1 (march 2019) : 45-52,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1849

Effect of plant density and INM on vegetative, floral and yield attributes of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.)- A review

M
Mamta Bohra
B
B.P. Nautiyal
1Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Bharsar-246 123, Uttrakhand, India.
Cite article:- Bohra Mamta, Nautiyal B.P. (2019). Effect of plant density and INM on vegetative, floral and yield attributes of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.)- A review. Agricultural Reviews. 40(1): 45-52. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1849.

ABSTRACT

Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) is one of the important leading cut flowers worldwide. It is popularly known as queen of bulbous flower crop. It is popular for its attractive spike, magnificent florets which vary in size and colour. The flowers are used for making bouquets and flower arrangements. It is considered as a viable diversification option from traditional field crop due to increased per unit return. Farmers profit can be augmented by selling the corms and cormels as well as spikes. Consequently, a comprehensive acquaintance is needed on quality and quantity production of the flowers of gladiolus. Though the quality of flower is primarily a varietal but it is greatly influence by various cultural operations. Optimum plant density is essential for proper growth and development of plant as it allows the plant to acquire the essential growth elements i.e., light, nutrients and CO2. Besides plant spacing, nutrition play an important role. Excessive and continuous use of inorganic fertilizers has various ill effects on soil health therefore attention shifted towards the holistic approach i.e., integrated nutrient management (INM). This approach has profound effect in improving flower quality and quantity.  This paper reviews all the literature on important aspects of cultivation practices of gladiolus viz., plant density and INM for better understanding and to develop future strategies for quality and quantity of production of gladiolus spikes and corms.

REFERENCES

  1. Abouziena, H.F., Metwally, E.L. and Desoki, E.R. (2008) Effect of plant spacing and weed control treatments on maize field and associated weeds on sandy soil. American- Eurasian Journal Agriculture and Environmental Science, 4: 9-17.
  2. Adhikari, Y.S., Bohra, M., Punetha, P., Upadhyay, S. and Nautiyal, B.P. (2018) Studies on effect of integrated nutrient management on vegetative growth, floral Attributes, corm yield and economics of gladiolus cv. Arka Amar in Bharsar, Uttarakhand. International Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience, 6: 643-650.
  3. Ahmed, A., Tahir, M., Rashid, H., Basha, A., Raz, S., Najam-ud-Din and Ahmad, A. (2014) Investigation of biofertilizers influence on vegetative growth, flower quality, bulb yield and nutrient uptake in gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.). International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Science, 4: 94-99.
  4. Ahmed, M.J., Bashir, T., Yaqoob, A., Jillani, M.S. and Saeed, M. (2010) Effect of plant spacing on vegetative and reproductive growth of gladiolus cultivars. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 26: 539-543.
  5. Airadevi, P.A. and Mathad, J.C. (2012) Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and economics of garland chrysanthemum. Asian Journal of Soil Science, 7: 93-97.
  6. Akter, N. (2015) Effect of organic manure, inorganic fertilizer and bio-control agent on yield and quality of gladiolus. Thesis, M.Sc. Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka.
  7. Anjana, S. and Singh, A K. (2015). Effect of farmyard manure, vermicompost and Trichoderma on flowering and corm attributes in gladiolus. Bangladesh Journal Botany, 44: 309-314.
  8. Anwar, S. and Maurya, K.R. (2005) Effect of spacing and corm size on growth, flowering and corm production in gladiolus. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 62:419-21.
  9. Bhat, Z.A. and Khan, F.U. (2007) Effect of spacing and corm size on growth, flowering and corm production in gladiolus cv. White Prosperity under Kashmir conditions. Journal of Horticulture Science, 2: 112-114.
  10. Bhat, Z.A., Paul, T.M. and Mir, M.M. (2008) Effect of corm size and planting geometry on growth, flowering and corm production in gladiolus cv. White Prosperity. Journal of Ornamental Horticulture, 12: 35-38.
  11. Chaitra, R. and Patil, V.S. (2007) Integrated nutrient management studies in China aster (Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees). Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science, 20: 689-690.
  12. Chakradhar, P., Bohra, M. and Punetha, P. (2018). Response of biofertilizers on vegetative and flowering parameters of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) var. Arka Amar. Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9: 307-309.
  13. Chaudhary, N., Swaroop, K., Janakiram, T., Biswas, D.R. and Singh, G. (2013) Effect of integrated nutrient management on vegetative growth and flowering characters of gladiolus. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 70: 156-159.
  14. Dalvi, N.V., Rangwala, A.D. and Joshi, G.D. (2008) Effect of spacing and gradient levels of fertilizers on yield attributes of gladiolus. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural University, 33:167-170.
  15. Dalvi, P.D., Mane, S.V. and Nimbalkar, A. (2009) Effect of biofertilizers on growth, flowering and yield of gladiolus. The Asian Journal of Horticulture, 1: 227-229.
  16. Dubey, R.K. and Misra, R.L. (2005) Study of chemical and biofertilizers on gladiolus. Progressive Horticulture, 37: 62-64.
  17. Dubey, R.K., Misra, R.L., Singh, S.K. and Manisha. (2010) Efficacy of bio-and chemical fertilizers on certain floral qualities of gladiolus. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 67: 382-385.
  18. Duthie, J.A., Shrefler, J.W., Roberts, B.W. and Edelson, J.V. (1999) Plant density dependent variation in marketable yield, fruit biomass and marketable fraction in watermelon. Crop Science, 3: 406-412.
  19. Gangadharan, G.D. and Gopinath, G. (2000) Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth, flowering and quality of gladiolus cv. White Prosperity. Journal of Farm Sciences, 13: 401-405.
  20. Godse, S.B., Golliwar, V.J., Chopde, N., Bramhankar, K.S. and Kore, M.S. (2006) Effect of organic manures and biofertilizers with reduced doses of inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of gladiolus. Journal Soils and Crops, 16: 445-449.
  21. Gowda, J.V.N. (1987) Interaction effect of corm size and spacing on growth and flower production in gladiolus cv. Snow Princess. Indian Horticulture Journal, 16: 27-28. 
  22. Gupta, Y.C., Parmar, R.S., Dhiman, S.R. and Thakur, P. (2014) Growth and flowering behavior of newly evolved hybrid of gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus L.) under different plant spacing and corm size in mid hill areas of Himachal pradesh. Progressive Horticulture 46: 295-299. 
  23. Hachmann, T.L., Echer, M.D.M., Dalastra, G.M., Vasconcelos, E.S. and Guimaraes, V.F. (2014) Tomato cultivation under different spacing and different levels of defoliation of basal leaves. Bragantia Campinas, 73: 399-406.
  24. Hazarika, T.K., Nautiyal, B.P. and Bhattacharyya, R.K. (2015) Sustainable banana (Musa spp) production through integrated plant nutrition system – A review. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 85: 987-985. 
  25. Heuvelink, E. (1995) Effect of plant density on biomass allocation to the fruits in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Horticulture Science, 6:193-201.
  26. Ibrahim, H.M. (2012) Response of some sunflower hybrids to different levels of plant density. APCBEE Procedia, 4:175-182.
  27. Jamil, A.M., Maqsood, A., Tahir, B., Abid, Y., Muhammad, S.J. and Muhmmad, S. (2010) Effect of plant spacing on vegetative and reproductive growth of gladiolus cv. Sarhad. Journal of Agriculture, 26: 539-543.
  28. Karuppaiah, P. and Krishna, G. (2005). Response of spacing and nitrogen levels of growth, flowering and yield characters of French marigold. Journal of Ornamental Horticulture, 8: 96-99.
  29. Khalaj, M. A., Edrisi, B. and Amiri, M. (2013) Effect of nitrogen and plant spacing on nutrients uptake, yield and growth of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L). Haryana Journal of Horticulture Sciences, 2: 45-54.
  30. Kumar, P., Preetham, S.P., Maurya, R.K. and Mishra, D.S. (2010) Response of organics and bio inoculants on quantitative and qualitative characters of gladiolus (Gladiolus hybrida) cv. White Prosperity. Progressive Agriculture, 10: 116-119.
  31. Kumari, V.R., Kumar, D.P., Mahadevamma, M. and Kumar, A.B. (2013). Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and floral parameters in gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus L.) cv. American Beauty. The Asian Journal of Horticulture, 8: 274-279.
  32. Mahto, S.K. and Datta, A.K. (2018). Influence of different low-cost organic inputs on growth, yield and quality of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Swarna Priya. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 52: 661-665.
  33. Mamatha Sree, T.V. (2018) Effect of spacing and mulching on vegetative and floral attributes of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) cv. Arka Amar under high hill condition of Uttarakhand. Thesis, M.Sc. VCSG Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Bharsar, Pauri Garhwal. 
  34. Misra, R.L. and Sanyat, M. (2002) Effect of time, spacing and depth of planting on gladiolus. Journal of Applied Horticulture, 4: 143-149.
  35. Mukesh, (2014) Effect of different sources of nutrients on growth and flowering in gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus Hort.) cv. Peater Pears. Annals of Horticulture, 7: 154-158.
  36. Muller, S. and Wamser, A.F. (2009) Combinacao da altura de desponte e do espaçamento entre plantas de tomate. Horticultura Brasileira, 27: 64-69.
  37. Nair, S.A. and Singh, D.R. (2004) Effect of varieties and spacing on growth and flowering of gladioulus in Andamans. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 61: 253-255.
  38. Nazir, M. (2018). Gladiolus: Sarla for colour revolution. Indian Horticulture, 64: 13-14.
  39. Negi, K. (2018). Effect of nutrient sources and mulching on vegetative and floral attributes of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) cv. Amsterdam under high hill condition of Uttarakhand. Thesis, M.Sc. VCSG Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Bharsar, Pauri Garhwal.
  40. Pansuriya, P.B. and Chauhan, R.V. (2015) Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) cv. Psittacinus Hybrid. Journal of Horticulture, 2: 1-3.
  41. Pathak, G. and Kumar, P. (2009) Influence of organics on floral attributes and shelf life of gladiolus (Gladiolus hybrida) cv. White Prosperity. Progressive Horticulture, 41: 116- 119.
  42. Patil, S.D. and Dhaduk, B.K. (2010) Effect of fertilizer levels and spacing on performance of gladiolus cultivars. Journal of Maharashtra Agriculture Universities, 35: 166-169.
  43. Pradeep, K., Manivannan, K. and Kumar, S.R. (2014) Effect of organic nutrients on growth, flowering and yield of Gladiolus grandiflorus L. The Asian Journal of Horticulture, 9: 416-420.
  44. Ram, M., Pal, V., Singh, M.K. and Kumar, M. (2012) Response of different spacing and salicylic acid levels on growth and flowering of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflora L.). Horticulture Flora Research Spectrum, 1: 270-273.
  45. Ramachandrudu, K. and Thangam, (2007) Effect of spacing on vegetative growth, flowering and corm production on gladiolus. Journal of Ornamental Horticulture, 10: 67-68.
  46. Rambuatsaiha, T. G. and Noyingthung, K. (2017). Optimization of organic nutrient sources for green gram (Vigna radiata L. Welczek) under rainfed conditions. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 51: 443-447.
  47. Rana, P., Kumar, J. and Kumar, M. (2005) Response of plant spacing and plant depth on growth, flowering and corm production in gladiolus. Journal of Ornamental Horticulture, 8: 41-44.
  48. Regar, A.L., Thumar, B.V., Mahaver, L.N., Chawla, S.L. and Meena, N.K. (2016) Effect of spacing and nitrogen on floral and vase life parameter of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) cv. American Beauty. The Bioscan, 11: 539-5642. 
  49. Resende, G.M. and Costa, N.D. (2003) Producao e qualidade do melao em diferentes densidadesde plantio. Horticultura Brasileira, 21: 690- 693.
  50. Rohidas, S.B., Jature, S.D., Barkule, S.R., Shindeanda, S.J. and Nikam V. (2010) Effect of spacing on growth and yield of gladiolus. The Asian Journal of Horticulture, 5: 305-306.
  51. Sanjib, S. and Talukdar, M.C. (2002) Effect of time, spacing and depth of planting on gladiolus. Floriculture Research Trend in India, 7: 243-245. 
  52. Satapathy, S.P., Toppo, R., Dishri, M. and Mohanty, C.R. (2016) Impact of integrated nutrient management on flowering and corm production in gladiolus. Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal, 4: 1-19.
  53. Sathyanarayana, E., Patil, S., Chawla, S.L. and Patel, D.K. (2017) Influence of integrated nutrient management on gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) cv. American Beauty. International Journal of Current Microbiology Applied Science, 6: 379-386.
  54. Shalini, P., Kohele, S.K., Belorkar, P.B. and Madhuri, K. (2004) Effect of spacing and corm size on growth, flowering and corm production in gladiolus cv. Debora. Journal of Soil and Crops, 14: 394-396.
  55. Sharma, J.R. and Gupta, R.B. (2003) Effect of corm size and spacing on growth, flowering and corm production in gladiolus. Journal Ornamental of Horticulture New series, 6: 352-356.
  56. Sharma, S. and Talukdar, M.C. (2003) Effect of time spacing and depth of planting of gladiolus multiplication. Journal of Ornamental Horticulture, 6:139-140.
  57. Shiraz, A. and Maurya, K.R. (2005) Effect of spacing and corm size on growth, flowering and corm production in gladiolus. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 62: 419-421.
  58. Singh, A.K. and Bijimol, G. (2000) Response of gladiolus cv. Pink Friendship to spacing and nitrogen levels under low hills of Nagaland. South Indian Horticulture, 48 : 72-77.
  59. Singh, A.K. and Bijimol, G. (2002) Response of gladiolus cv. Pink Friendship flowering to spacing and nitrogen level under low hills of Nagaland. South Indian of Horticulture 11(4): 235-238
  60. Singh, A.K. and Bijimol, G. (2003) Effect of spacing and nitrogen on gladiolus. Journal Ornamental of Horticulture New series, 6:72-75.
  61. Singh, A.K. and Singh, C. (2000) Effect of spacing and zinc on growth, flowering and in gladiolus cv. Sylvia. Progressive Horticulture, 36: 94-98.
  62. Singh, A.K., Singh, A. and Kumar, S. (2015) Integrated nutrient management for vegetative growth and flowering of gladiolus. Research Environmental Life Science, 8: 164-166.
  63. Singh, N., Singh, G. and Khanna, V. (2016). Growth of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) influenced by phosphorus, rhizobium and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 50: 567-572.
  64. Singh, U.P. and Singh, R.P. (2006) Integrated weed management in direct seeded rainfed low and rice. Indian Journal Weed Science, 36: 49-53.
  65. Sisodia, A. and Singh, A.K. (2015). Effects of farmyard manures, vermicompost and Trichoderma on flowering and corm attributes in gladiolus. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 44: 309-314.
  66. Srivastava, R. and Govil, M. (2007) Influence of biofertilizers on growth and flowering in gladiolus cv. American Beauty. Acta Horticulturae, 7: 183-188. 
  67. Sudhakar, M. and Kumar, R.S. (2012) Effect of corm size and spacing on growth and flowering of gladiolus cv. White Friendship. International Journal Current Agricultural Science, 2: 9-12. 
  68. Swaroop, K., Janakiram, T., Singh, K.P. and Kumar, P. (2018) New gladiolus variety Pusa Sinduri. Indian Horticulture, 64: 15-16.
  69. Verma, R.P., Singh, J.P., Verma, S.S. and Kumar, V. (2012) Effect of foliar application of urea and planting geometry on growth and flowering of gladiolus cv. Sapna. Annals of Horticulture, 5: 192-197. 
  70. Verma, S.K., Angadi, S.G., Patil, V.S., Mokashi, A.N., Mathad, J.C. and Mummigatti, U.V. (2011) Growth, yield and quality of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) cv. Raja as influenced by integrated nutrient management. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science, 24: 681-683.
  71. Wani, S.A., Ali, T., Chand, S. and Sofi, K.A. (2016) Improving soil health and productivity in brown sarson var. KS-101 (Brassica rapa L.) in alfisols of temperate Kashmir through organic and inorganic nutrient sources. Ecology Environment Conservation, 22: 21-22.
  72. Yadav, S.K. and Tyagi, A.K. (2007) Effect of corm size and spacing on growth and flowering of gladiolus cv. Slyvia. Plant Archives, 7: 343-344.
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    Reviewer Article

    volume 40 issue 1 (march 2019) : 45-52,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1849

    Effect of plant density and INM on vegetative, floral and yield attributes of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.)- A review

    M
    Mamta Bohra
    B
    B.P. Nautiyal
    1Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Bharsar-246 123, Uttrakhand, India.
    Cite article:- Bohra Mamta, Nautiyal B.P. (2019). Effect of plant density and INM on vegetative, floral and yield attributes of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.)- A review. Agricultural Reviews. 40(1): 45-52. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-1849.

    ABSTRACT

    Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) is one of the important leading cut flowers worldwide. It is popularly known as queen of bulbous flower crop. It is popular for its attractive spike, magnificent florets which vary in size and colour. The flowers are used for making bouquets and flower arrangements. It is considered as a viable diversification option from traditional field crop due to increased per unit return. Farmers profit can be augmented by selling the corms and cormels as well as spikes. Consequently, a comprehensive acquaintance is needed on quality and quantity production of the flowers of gladiolus. Though the quality of flower is primarily a varietal but it is greatly influence by various cultural operations. Optimum plant density is essential for proper growth and development of plant as it allows the plant to acquire the essential growth elements i.e., light, nutrients and CO2. Besides plant spacing, nutrition play an important role. Excessive and continuous use of inorganic fertilizers has various ill effects on soil health therefore attention shifted towards the holistic approach i.e., integrated nutrient management (INM). This approach has profound effect in improving flower quality and quantity.  This paper reviews all the literature on important aspects of cultivation practices of gladiolus viz., plant density and INM for better understanding and to develop future strategies for quality and quantity of production of gladiolus spikes and corms.

    REFERENCES

    1. Abouziena, H.F., Metwally, E.L. and Desoki, E.R. (2008) Effect of plant spacing and weed control treatments on maize field and associated weeds on sandy soil. American- Eurasian Journal Agriculture and Environmental Science, 4: 9-17.
    2. Adhikari, Y.S., Bohra, M., Punetha, P., Upadhyay, S. and Nautiyal, B.P. (2018) Studies on effect of integrated nutrient management on vegetative growth, floral Attributes, corm yield and economics of gladiolus cv. Arka Amar in Bharsar, Uttarakhand. International Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience, 6: 643-650.
    3. Ahmed, A., Tahir, M., Rashid, H., Basha, A., Raz, S., Najam-ud-Din and Ahmad, A. (2014) Investigation of biofertilizers influence on vegetative growth, flower quality, bulb yield and nutrient uptake in gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.). International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Science, 4: 94-99.
    4. Ahmed, M.J., Bashir, T., Yaqoob, A., Jillani, M.S. and Saeed, M. (2010) Effect of plant spacing on vegetative and reproductive growth of gladiolus cultivars. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 26: 539-543.
    5. Airadevi, P.A. and Mathad, J.C. (2012) Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and economics of garland chrysanthemum. Asian Journal of Soil Science, 7: 93-97.
    6. Akter, N. (2015) Effect of organic manure, inorganic fertilizer and bio-control agent on yield and quality of gladiolus. Thesis, M.Sc. Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka.
    7. Anjana, S. and Singh, A K. (2015). Effect of farmyard manure, vermicompost and Trichoderma on flowering and corm attributes in gladiolus. Bangladesh Journal Botany, 44: 309-314.
    8. Anwar, S. and Maurya, K.R. (2005) Effect of spacing and corm size on growth, flowering and corm production in gladiolus. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 62:419-21.
    9. Bhat, Z.A. and Khan, F.U. (2007) Effect of spacing and corm size on growth, flowering and corm production in gladiolus cv. White Prosperity under Kashmir conditions. Journal of Horticulture Science, 2: 112-114.
    10. Bhat, Z.A., Paul, T.M. and Mir, M.M. (2008) Effect of corm size and planting geometry on growth, flowering and corm production in gladiolus cv. White Prosperity. Journal of Ornamental Horticulture, 12: 35-38.
    11. Chaitra, R. and Patil, V.S. (2007) Integrated nutrient management studies in China aster (Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees). Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science, 20: 689-690.
    12. Chakradhar, P., Bohra, M. and Punetha, P. (2018). Response of biofertilizers on vegetative and flowering parameters of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) var. Arka Amar. Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9: 307-309.
    13. Chaudhary, N., Swaroop, K., Janakiram, T., Biswas, D.R. and Singh, G. (2013) Effect of integrated nutrient management on vegetative growth and flowering characters of gladiolus. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 70: 156-159.
    14. Dalvi, N.V., Rangwala, A.D. and Joshi, G.D. (2008) Effect of spacing and gradient levels of fertilizers on yield attributes of gladiolus. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural University, 33:167-170.
    15. Dalvi, P.D., Mane, S.V. and Nimbalkar, A. (2009) Effect of biofertilizers on growth, flowering and yield of gladiolus. The Asian Journal of Horticulture, 1: 227-229.
    16. Dubey, R.K. and Misra, R.L. (2005) Study of chemical and biofertilizers on gladiolus. Progressive Horticulture, 37: 62-64.
    17. Dubey, R.K., Misra, R.L., Singh, S.K. and Manisha. (2010) Efficacy of bio-and chemical fertilizers on certain floral qualities of gladiolus. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 67: 382-385.
    18. Duthie, J.A., Shrefler, J.W., Roberts, B.W. and Edelson, J.V. (1999) Plant density dependent variation in marketable yield, fruit biomass and marketable fraction in watermelon. Crop Science, 3: 406-412.
    19. Gangadharan, G.D. and Gopinath, G. (2000) Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth, flowering and quality of gladiolus cv. White Prosperity. Journal of Farm Sciences, 13: 401-405.
    20. Godse, S.B., Golliwar, V.J., Chopde, N., Bramhankar, K.S. and Kore, M.S. (2006) Effect of organic manures and biofertilizers with reduced doses of inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of gladiolus. Journal Soils and Crops, 16: 445-449.
    21. Gowda, J.V.N. (1987) Interaction effect of corm size and spacing on growth and flower production in gladiolus cv. Snow Princess. Indian Horticulture Journal, 16: 27-28. 
    22. Gupta, Y.C., Parmar, R.S., Dhiman, S.R. and Thakur, P. (2014) Growth and flowering behavior of newly evolved hybrid of gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus L.) under different plant spacing and corm size in mid hill areas of Himachal pradesh. Progressive Horticulture 46: 295-299. 
    23. Hachmann, T.L., Echer, M.D.M., Dalastra, G.M., Vasconcelos, E.S. and Guimaraes, V.F. (2014) Tomato cultivation under different spacing and different levels of defoliation of basal leaves. Bragantia Campinas, 73: 399-406.
    24. Hazarika, T.K., Nautiyal, B.P. and Bhattacharyya, R.K. (2015) Sustainable banana (Musa spp) production through integrated plant nutrition system – A review. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 85: 987-985. 
    25. Heuvelink, E. (1995) Effect of plant density on biomass allocation to the fruits in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Horticulture Science, 6:193-201.
    26. Ibrahim, H.M. (2012) Response of some sunflower hybrids to different levels of plant density. APCBEE Procedia, 4:175-182.
    27. Jamil, A.M., Maqsood, A., Tahir, B., Abid, Y., Muhammad, S.J. and Muhmmad, S. (2010) Effect of plant spacing on vegetative and reproductive growth of gladiolus cv. Sarhad. Journal of Agriculture, 26: 539-543.
    28. Karuppaiah, P. and Krishna, G. (2005). Response of spacing and nitrogen levels of growth, flowering and yield characters of French marigold. Journal of Ornamental Horticulture, 8: 96-99.
    29. Khalaj, M. A., Edrisi, B. and Amiri, M. (2013) Effect of nitrogen and plant spacing on nutrients uptake, yield and growth of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L). Haryana Journal of Horticulture Sciences, 2: 45-54.
    30. Kumar, P., Preetham, S.P., Maurya, R.K. and Mishra, D.S. (2010) Response of organics and bio inoculants on quantitative and qualitative characters of gladiolus (Gladiolus hybrida) cv. White Prosperity. Progressive Agriculture, 10: 116-119.
    31. Kumari, V.R., Kumar, D.P., Mahadevamma, M. and Kumar, A.B. (2013). Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and floral parameters in gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus L.) cv. American Beauty. The Asian Journal of Horticulture, 8: 274-279.
    32. Mahto, S.K. and Datta, A.K. (2018). Influence of different low-cost organic inputs on growth, yield and quality of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Swarna Priya. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 52: 661-665.
    33. Mamatha Sree, T.V. (2018) Effect of spacing and mulching on vegetative and floral attributes of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) cv. Arka Amar under high hill condition of Uttarakhand. Thesis, M.Sc. VCSG Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Bharsar, Pauri Garhwal. 
    34. Misra, R.L. and Sanyat, M. (2002) Effect of time, spacing and depth of planting on gladiolus. Journal of Applied Horticulture, 4: 143-149.
    35. Mukesh, (2014) Effect of different sources of nutrients on growth and flowering in gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus Hort.) cv. Peater Pears. Annals of Horticulture, 7: 154-158.
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