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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Reviewer Article

volume 38 issue 3 (september 2017) : 228-232,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.v38i03.8983

Potentiality of Moringa oleifera for food and nutritional security - A review

A
Amee Ravani
R
R.V. Prasad
R
R.R. Gajera
D
D.C. Joshi
1College of Food Processing Technology and Bioenergy, Anand Agricultural University, Anand-388110, Gujarat, India
Cite article:- Ravani Amee, Prasad R.V., Gajera R.R., Joshi D.C. (2017). Potentiality of Moringa oleifera for food and nutritional security - A review. Agricultural Reviews. 38(3): 228-232. doi: 10.18805/ag.v38i03.8983.

ABSTRACT

Moringa oleifera tree is referred to as a miracle tree due to its rich source of certain macro and micro nutrients of great importance in human nutrition. There is considerable variation among nutritional values of moringa, which depends on factors like genetic background, environment and cultivation methods. The plant is proven with tremendous medicinal properties. moringa has been described as one of the most amazing trees God has created. Almost every part of the moringa tree, viz. fruit, flower, seed, bark, root and gum is a rich repository of proteins, vitamins and minerals including potassium, calcium, phosphorous, iron, folic acid as well as b-carotene.The review covers health benefits of moringa as well as technology of post-harvest handling and processing of moringa for utilization in value added products.  

REFERENCES

  1. Abdulkarim SM, Long K, Lai OM, Muhammad SSK, and Ghazali HM. (2007). Frying quality and stability of high oleic Moringa oleifera seed oil in comparison with other vegetable oils. Food Chemistry, 105:1382-1389
  2. Al-Kharusi LM, El maradi MO, Ali A, Al-Said FAJ, Abdelbasit KM, and Al-Rawahi. (2009). Effect of mineral and organic fertilizers on the chemical characterizations and quality of Moringa. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 11:290-296
  3. Anjorin TB, Ikokoh P, and Okolo S. (2010). Mineral compostion of Moringa oleifera leaves, pods and seeds from two regions of Abuja, Nihgeria. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 12:431-434
  4. Anwar F, and Bhanger MI. (2003). Analytical characterization of Moringa Oleifera seed oil grown in temperate regions of Pakistan. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51: 6558–6563. 
  5. Anwar F, Ashraf M, and Bhanger MI. (2005). Inter provenance variation in the composition of Moringa oleifera oilseeds from Pakistan. Journal American Oil Chemist’s Society, 82: 45–51.
  6. Anwar F, Latif S, Asharf M, and Gilani AH. (2007). Moringa oleifera: A Food Plant with Multiple Medicinal Uses. Phytotherapy Research, 21:17-25
  7. Aremu AK, and Akintola A. (2014). Effects of some Drying Methods on Nutritional Characteristics of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Seeds. 4th International Conference on Biotechnology and Environment Management, 75:66-71
  8. Awasthi CP, and Tandon PK. (1988). Biochemical composition of some unconventional India leafy vegetables. Journal of Agricultural Research, 3:161-164
  9. Bharali R, Tabassum J, and Azad MRH. (2003). Chemo modulatory effect of Moringa oleifera, Lam, on hepaticcarcinogen metabolizing enzymes, anti-oxidant parameters and skin papilla magenesis in mice. Asia Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 4:131-    139.
  10. Bhattacharya SB, Das AK, and Banerji N. (1982). Chemical investigations on the gum exudates from Sonja (Moringa oleifera). Carbohydrate Research. 102:253-262
  11. Bichi MH. (2013). A Review of the applications of Moringa oleifera seeds extract in water treatment. Civil and Environmental Research, 3(8):1-11
  12. Brisibe EA, Umoren UE, Brisibe F, Magalhaes PM, Ferreira JFS, Luthria D, Wu X, and Prior RL. (2009). Nutritional characterization and antioxidant capacity of different tisuues of Artemisia annual. Food Chemistry, 115:1240-1246
  13. Caceres A, Saravia A, Rizzo S, Zabala L, Leon ED, and Nave F. (1992) Pharmacologic properties of Moringa Oleifera: 2: Screening for antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and diuretic activity. Journal Ethnopharmacology, 36:233-237.
  14. Compaore WR, Nikiema PA, Bassole HIN, Savadogo A, Mouecoucou J, Hounhouigan DA, and Traore S. (2011). Chemical Composition and Antioxidative Properties of Seeds of Moringa Oleifera and Pulps of Parkiabiglobosa and Adansoniadigitata Commonly used in Food Fortification in Burkina Faso. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 3(1): 64-72
  15. Coppin J. (2008). A study of the nutritional and medicinal values of Moringa Oleifera leaves from sub-saharan Africa: Ghana, Senegal and Zambia, A thesis submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey For the degree of Masters of Science, New Brunswick, New Jersey 
  16. D’souza J, and Kulkarni AR. (1993). Comparative studies on nutritive values of tender foliage of seedlings and mature plants of Moringa oleifera Lam. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany, 17: 479–485. 
  17. Dangi SY, Jolly CI, and Narayana S. (2002). Antihypertensive activity of the total alkaloids from the leaves of Moringa oleifera. Pharmaceutical Biology, 40:144-148.
  18. Dawn CP, Ambrose, and Daunty AL. (2015). Moringa oleifera Mothers Best friend: An Ideal Health Food. Beverage and Food World, 40(2):33-34
  19. Debey DK, Dora J, Anil Kumar, and Gulsan RK. (2013). A Multipurpose Tree- Moringa oleifera. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences, 2(1): 415-423
  20. Eilert U, Wolters B, and Nadrtedt A. (1981). The antibiotic principle of seeds of Moringa oleifera and Moringa Stenopetala. Planta Medica, 42:55-61.
  21. Estrella CP, Mantaring JBV, Davis GZ, and Taup MA. (2000). A double blind randomized controlled trial on the use of malunggay (Moringa oleifera) for augmentation on the volume of breast milk among non-nursing mothers of preterm infants. The Philippine Journal of Pediatrics, 49(1): 3-6 
  22. Fahey JW. (2005). Moringa oleifera: a review for the medical eveidence for its nutritional, therapeutic, and prophylactic properties. Tree Life Journal, 1:5-13
  23. Faizi S, Siddiqui B, Saleem R, Siddiqui S, Aftab K, and Gilani A. (1994a). Novel hypotensive agents, niazimin A, niazimin B, niazicin A and niazicin B from Moringa oleifera; Isolation of first and actually occurring carbamates. Journal of Chemical Society Perkin Transactions, 1:3035-3640.
  24. Faizi S, Siddiqui B, Saleem R, Saddiqui S and Aftab K. (1994b). Isolation and structure elucidation of new nitrile and mustard oil glycosides from Moringa oleifera and their effect on blood pressure. Journal of Natural Products, 57: 1256-1261.
  25. Faizi S, Siddiqui BS, Saleem R, Siddiqui S, Aftab K and Gilani AH. (1995). Fully acetylated carbamate and hypotensive thiocarbamate glycosides from Moringa oleifera. Phyto chemistry. 38:957-963.
  26. Farooq F, Rai M, Tiwari A, Khan AA, and Farooq S. (2012). Medicinal properties of Moringa oleifera: An overview of promising healer. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 6(27):4368-4374 
  27. Folkard GK, Sutherland JP, and Shaw R. (1999). Water clarification using Moringa Oleifera seed coagulant, in: Shaw R, Running Water, Intermediate Technology Publications, London, Pp. 1109–1112. 
  28. Gilani AH, Janbaz KH, and ShahBH. (1997). Quercetin exhibit shepato protective activity in rats. Biochemical Society Transactions, 25: 85
  29. Gopalan C, Ramasastri BV, and Balasubramanian SC. (2004). Nutritive value of Indian foods. National Institute of Nutrition. Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, Pp:59-67
  30. Gyamfi1 EA, Kwarteng IK, Ansah MO, Anim1 AK, Ackah M, Kpattah L, and Bentil NO. (2011). Effects of processing on Moringa oleifera. Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 1(3-4):179-185
  31. Khalafalla MM, Abdellatef E, Dafalla HM, Nassrallah AA, AboulEnein KM, Lightfoot DA, (2010). Active principle from Moringa oleifera Lam leaves effective against two leukemias and a hepatocarcinoma. African Journal Biotechnology, 9:8467-8471
  32. Lemmens SCA. (2014). Effect of feeding supplementary diets containing soybeans and Moringa leaves on growth and fillet quality of Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus), and comparison of growth and fillet quality between Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) and Wami River tilapia (O. urolepishornorum) in southern Tanzania, Master thesis, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norway
  33. Majhi S. (2013). Nutritional value of Moringa oleifera as a dietary supplement. MPharm Thesis, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
  34. Manzoor AS, Sowriappan JDB, and Shabir AM. (2015). Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on the physicochemical properties of modified atmospheric packaged raw beef. Food Packaging Shelf life, 3:31-38
  35. Mehta J, Shukla A, Bukhariya V, and Charde R. (2011). The Magic Remedy of Moringa oliferia: An Overview. International Journal of Biomedical and Advance Research, 2(5): 215-227
  36. Mehta LK, Balaraman R, Amin AH, Bafna PA, and Gulati OD. (2003). Effect of fruits of Moringa oleifera on the lipid profile of normal and hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 86:191-195.
  37. Mishra SP, Singh P, and Singh S. (2012). Processing of Moringa oleifera Leaves for Human Consumption. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 2(1): 28-31
  38. Nambiar VS, and Parnami S. (2008). Standardization and organoleptic evaluation of drumstick (Moringa oleifera) leaves incorporated into traditional Indian recipes. Tree life Journal, 3:2-6
  39. NithyaPriya S, Viswanathan R, John Kennedy Z, and Kasthuri R. (2013). Preservation of ready to eat drumstick products by canning and retort packaging. International Journal Processing & Post Harvest Technology, 4(2):122-131.
  40. Noumani W, Siddiqui MT, Ahmed SM, Farooq H, Zubairi M, and Gulli T. (2013). Biomass production and nutritional quality of Moringa Oleifera as a field crop, Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 37: 410-419
  41. Okuda T, Baes AU, Nishijima W, and Okada M. (2001). Isolation and characterization of coagulant extracted from Moringa Oleifera seed by salt solution. Water Research, 35(2):405-410
  42. Otoluwa A, Salam A, Syauki Y, Nurhasan M, Monoarfa Y, As’ad S, Hadju V, and Thaha AR. (2014). Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extracts Supplementation in Preventing Maternal DNA Damage. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4(11):1-4
  43. Ozumba NA. (2011). Moringa Oleifera: Nigeria’s evergreen gold. PaxHerbal Magazine, 6: 7-9.
  44. Pandey A, Rishabh D, Tripathi P, Gupta PP, Haider J, Bhatt S, and Singh AV. (2012). Moringaoleifera Lam. (Sahijan) A plant with a plethora of diverse therapeutic benefits: An Updated retrospection. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic plants, 1:1-5
  45. Pandey AK. (2013). Drumstick (Moringa oleiferaLamk): A Miracle Health Tree, Agrotech Publishing Academy, Udaipur, 23 
  46. Premi M, and Sharma HK. (2013). Oil Extraction Optimization and Kinetics from Moringa oleifera (PKM 1) Seeds. International Journal of Agriculture and Food Science Technology, 4(4): 371-378. 
  47. Ram J. (1994). Moringa – A highly nutritious vegetable tree. Tropical rural and island/A toll to development, experiment station (TRIADES), Technical Bull. No.2
  48. Ramchandran C, Peter KV, and Gopalkrishna PK. (1980). Drumstick (Moringa oleifera): A development, Experimental station (TRIADES), Technical Bull No.2
  49. Ramteke RS, Eipeson WE, Chauhan AS, and Rekha N, (2013). A process for the preparation of vegetable powder from drumstick (Moringa oleifera Lam.). Indian Patent A23L 1/212, CFTRI, Mysore
  50. Rashid U, Anwar F, Moser BR, and Knothe G. (2006). Moringa oleifera oil: A possible source of biodiesel, Bio-resource Technology, 99:8175-8179
  51. Ruckmani K, Kavimani S, Anandan R, and Jaykar B. (1998). Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam on paracetamolinducedhepa toxicity. Indian Journal of Pharmacy Science, 60:33-35. 
  52. Sengul M, Yildiz H, Gungor N, Cetin B, Eser Z, and Ercisli S. (2012). Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant and, Antimicrobial Activities of Some Medicinal Plants. Pakistan Journal of Pharmacy Science, 22(1): 102-106
  53. Tetteh ONA. (2009). Effect of blanching and dehydration method on the quality of Moringa leaf powder used as herbal green tea, MSc Thesis. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana 
  54. Thillaivanan S, and Samraj K. (2014). Challenges, constraints and opportunities in herbal medicines – A Review. International Journal of Herb Medicine, 2:21-24
  55. Tsaknis J, Spiliotis V, Lalas S, Gergis V, and Dourtoglou V. (1999). Quality changes of Moringa oleifera variety M. bololo of Kenya seed oil during frying. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 47:4495-4499.
  56. Ukey A, Diamond J, Raheem A, and Karande D. (2014). Development of low cost weaning food by the incorporation of drumsticks leaves powder and its quality analysis. International Journal of Research in Engineering & Advanced Technology, 2(3): 1-11
  57. Vijay Kumar, Rubha MN, Manivasagan M, Ramesh Babu NG, and Balaji P. (2012). Moringa oleifera- The Nature’s Gift. Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology, 2(4):203-209
  58. Wijayawardana R, and Bamunuarachchi A. (2002). Effect of different thermal treatments on vitamin C and microbial sterility of canned drumstick (Moringa oleifera). Journal of Food Science and Technology, 39: 161-163
  59. Yarley Otu PN, Naa P, Saalia F, and Amankwah EA. (2013). Characterization of Fresh Moringa Oleifera Beverage. Food Science and Quality Management, 21:26-34
  60. Zongo U, Zoungrana SL, Savadogo Aly, and Traore AS. (2013). Nutritional and Clinical Rehabilitation of Severely Malnourished Children with Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaf Powder in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Food and Nutrition Sciences, 4, 991-997
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    Reviewer Article

    volume 38 issue 3 (september 2017) : 228-232,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.v38i03.8983

    Potentiality of Moringa oleifera for food and nutritional security - A review

    A
    Amee Ravani
    R
    R.V. Prasad
    R
    R.R. Gajera
    D
    D.C. Joshi
    1College of Food Processing Technology and Bioenergy, Anand Agricultural University, Anand-388110, Gujarat, India
    Cite article:- Ravani Amee, Prasad R.V., Gajera R.R., Joshi D.C. (2017). Potentiality of Moringa oleifera for food and nutritional security - A review. Agricultural Reviews. 38(3): 228-232. doi: 10.18805/ag.v38i03.8983.

    ABSTRACT

    Moringa oleifera tree is referred to as a miracle tree due to its rich source of certain macro and micro nutrients of great importance in human nutrition. There is considerable variation among nutritional values of moringa, which depends on factors like genetic background, environment and cultivation methods. The plant is proven with tremendous medicinal properties. moringa has been described as one of the most amazing trees God has created. Almost every part of the moringa tree, viz. fruit, flower, seed, bark, root and gum is a rich repository of proteins, vitamins and minerals including potassium, calcium, phosphorous, iron, folic acid as well as b-carotene.The review covers health benefits of moringa as well as technology of post-harvest handling and processing of moringa for utilization in value added products.  

    REFERENCES

    1. Abdulkarim SM, Long K, Lai OM, Muhammad SSK, and Ghazali HM. (2007). Frying quality and stability of high oleic Moringa oleifera seed oil in comparison with other vegetable oils. Food Chemistry, 105:1382-1389
    2. Al-Kharusi LM, El maradi MO, Ali A, Al-Said FAJ, Abdelbasit KM, and Al-Rawahi. (2009). Effect of mineral and organic fertilizers on the chemical characterizations and quality of Moringa. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 11:290-296
    3. Anjorin TB, Ikokoh P, and Okolo S. (2010). Mineral compostion of Moringa oleifera leaves, pods and seeds from two regions of Abuja, Nihgeria. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 12:431-434
    4. Anwar F, and Bhanger MI. (2003). Analytical characterization of Moringa Oleifera seed oil grown in temperate regions of Pakistan. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51: 6558–6563. 
    5. Anwar F, Ashraf M, and Bhanger MI. (2005). Inter provenance variation in the composition of Moringa oleifera oilseeds from Pakistan. Journal American Oil Chemist’s Society, 82: 45–51.
    6. Anwar F, Latif S, Asharf M, and Gilani AH. (2007). Moringa oleifera: A Food Plant with Multiple Medicinal Uses. Phytotherapy Research, 21:17-25
    7. Aremu AK, and Akintola A. (2014). Effects of some Drying Methods on Nutritional Characteristics of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Seeds. 4th International Conference on Biotechnology and Environment Management, 75:66-71
    8. Awasthi CP, and Tandon PK. (1988). Biochemical composition of some unconventional India leafy vegetables. Journal of Agricultural Research, 3:161-164
    9. Bharali R, Tabassum J, and Azad MRH. (2003). Chemo modulatory effect of Moringa oleifera, Lam, on hepaticcarcinogen metabolizing enzymes, anti-oxidant parameters and skin papilla magenesis in mice. Asia Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 4:131-    139.
    10. Bhattacharya SB, Das AK, and Banerji N. (1982). Chemical investigations on the gum exudates from Sonja (Moringa oleifera). Carbohydrate Research. 102:253-262
    11. Bichi MH. (2013). A Review of the applications of Moringa oleifera seeds extract in water treatment. Civil and Environmental Research, 3(8):1-11
    12. Brisibe EA, Umoren UE, Brisibe F, Magalhaes PM, Ferreira JFS, Luthria D, Wu X, and Prior RL. (2009). Nutritional characterization and antioxidant capacity of different tisuues of Artemisia annual. Food Chemistry, 115:1240-1246
    13. Caceres A, Saravia A, Rizzo S, Zabala L, Leon ED, and Nave F. (1992) Pharmacologic properties of Moringa Oleifera: 2: Screening for antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and diuretic activity. Journal Ethnopharmacology, 36:233-237.
    14. Compaore WR, Nikiema PA, Bassole HIN, Savadogo A, Mouecoucou J, Hounhouigan DA, and Traore S. (2011). Chemical Composition and Antioxidative Properties of Seeds of Moringa Oleifera and Pulps of Parkiabiglobosa and Adansoniadigitata Commonly used in Food Fortification in Burkina Faso. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 3(1): 64-72
    15. Coppin J. (2008). A study of the nutritional and medicinal values of Moringa Oleifera leaves from sub-saharan Africa: Ghana, Senegal and Zambia, A thesis submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey For the degree of Masters of Science, New Brunswick, New Jersey 
    16. D’souza J, and Kulkarni AR. (1993). Comparative studies on nutritive values of tender foliage of seedlings and mature plants of Moringa oleifera Lam. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany, 17: 479–485. 
    17. Dangi SY, Jolly CI, and Narayana S. (2002). Antihypertensive activity of the total alkaloids from the leaves of Moringa oleifera. Pharmaceutical Biology, 40:144-148.
    18. Dawn CP, Ambrose, and Daunty AL. (2015). Moringa oleifera Mothers Best friend: An Ideal Health Food. Beverage and Food World, 40(2):33-34
    19. Debey DK, Dora J, Anil Kumar, and Gulsan RK. (2013). A Multipurpose Tree- Moringa oleifera. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences, 2(1): 415-423
    20. Eilert U, Wolters B, and Nadrtedt A. (1981). The antibiotic principle of seeds of Moringa oleifera and Moringa Stenopetala. Planta Medica, 42:55-61.
    21. Estrella CP, Mantaring JBV, Davis GZ, and Taup MA. (2000). A double blind randomized controlled trial on the use of malunggay (Moringa oleifera) for augmentation on the volume of breast milk among non-nursing mothers of preterm infants. The Philippine Journal of Pediatrics, 49(1): 3-6 
    22. Fahey JW. (2005). Moringa oleifera: a review for the medical eveidence for its nutritional, therapeutic, and prophylactic properties. Tree Life Journal, 1:5-13
    23. Faizi S, Siddiqui B, Saleem R, Siddiqui S, Aftab K, and Gilani A. (1994a). Novel hypotensive agents, niazimin A, niazimin B, niazicin A and niazicin B from Moringa oleifera; Isolation of first and actually occurring carbamates. Journal of Chemical Society Perkin Transactions, 1:3035-3640.
    24. Faizi S, Siddiqui B, Saleem R, Saddiqui S and Aftab K. (1994b). Isolation and structure elucidation of new nitrile and mustard oil glycosides from Moringa oleifera and their effect on blood pressure. Journal of Natural Products, 57: 1256-1261.
    25. Faizi S, Siddiqui BS, Saleem R, Siddiqui S, Aftab K and Gilani AH. (1995). Fully acetylated carbamate and hypotensive thiocarbamate glycosides from Moringa oleifera. Phyto chemistry. 38:957-963.
    26. Farooq F, Rai M, Tiwari A, Khan AA, and Farooq S. (2012). Medicinal properties of Moringa oleifera: An overview of promising healer. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 6(27):4368-4374 
    27. Folkard GK, Sutherland JP, and Shaw R. (1999). Water clarification using Moringa Oleifera seed coagulant, in: Shaw R, Running Water, Intermediate Technology Publications, London, Pp. 1109–1112. 
    28. Gilani AH, Janbaz KH, and ShahBH. (1997). Quercetin exhibit shepato protective activity in rats. Biochemical Society Transactions, 25: 85
    29. Gopalan C, Ramasastri BV, and Balasubramanian SC. (2004). Nutritive value of Indian foods. National Institute of Nutrition. Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, Pp:59-67
    30. Gyamfi1 EA, Kwarteng IK, Ansah MO, Anim1 AK, Ackah M, Kpattah L, and Bentil NO. (2011). Effects of processing on Moringa oleifera. Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 1(3-4):179-185
    31. Khalafalla MM, Abdellatef E, Dafalla HM, Nassrallah AA, AboulEnein KM, Lightfoot DA, (2010). Active principle from Moringa oleifera Lam leaves effective against two leukemias and a hepatocarcinoma. African Journal Biotechnology, 9:8467-8471
    32. Lemmens SCA. (2014). Effect of feeding supplementary diets containing soybeans and Moringa leaves on growth and fillet quality of Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus), and comparison of growth and fillet quality between Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) and Wami River tilapia (O. urolepishornorum) in southern Tanzania, Master thesis, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norway
    33. Majhi S. (2013). Nutritional value of Moringa oleifera as a dietary supplement. MPharm Thesis, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
    34. Manzoor AS, Sowriappan JDB, and Shabir AM. (2015). Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on the physicochemical properties of modified atmospheric packaged raw beef. Food Packaging Shelf life, 3:31-38
    35. Mehta J, Shukla A, Bukhariya V, and Charde R. (2011). The Magic Remedy of Moringa oliferia: An Overview. International Journal of Biomedical and Advance Research, 2(5): 215-227
    36. Mehta LK, Balaraman R, Amin AH, Bafna PA, and Gulati OD. (2003). Effect of fruits of Moringa oleifera on the lipid profile of normal and hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 86:191-195.
    37. Mishra SP, Singh P, and Singh S. (2012). Processing of Moringa oleifera Leaves for Human Consumption. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 2(1): 28-31
    38. Nambiar VS, and Parnami S. (2008). Standardization and organoleptic evaluation of drumstick (Moringa oleifera) leaves incorporated into traditional Indian recipes. Tree life Journal, 3:2-6
    39. NithyaPriya S, Viswanathan R, John Kennedy Z, and Kasthuri R. (2013). Preservation of ready to eat drumstick products by canning and retort packaging. International Journal Processing & Post Harvest Technology, 4(2):122-131.
    40. Noumani W, Siddiqui MT, Ahmed SM, Farooq H, Zubairi M, and Gulli T. (2013). Biomass production and nutritional quality of Moringa Oleifera as a field crop, Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 37: 410-419
    41. Okuda T, Baes AU, Nishijima W, and Okada M. (2001). Isolation and characterization of coagulant extracted from Moringa Oleifera seed by salt solution. Water Research, 35(2):405-410
    42. Otoluwa A, Salam A, Syauki Y, Nurhasan M, Monoarfa Y, As’ad S, Hadju V, and Thaha AR. (2014). Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extracts Supplementation in Preventing Maternal DNA Damage. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4(11):1-4
    43. Ozumba NA. (2011). Moringa Oleifera: Nigeria’s evergreen gold. PaxHerbal Magazine, 6: 7-9.
    44. Pandey A, Rishabh D, Tripathi P, Gupta PP, Haider J, Bhatt S, and Singh AV. (2012). Moringaoleifera Lam. (Sahijan) A plant with a plethora of diverse therapeutic benefits: An Updated retrospection. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic plants, 1:1-5
    45. Pandey AK. (2013). Drumstick (Moringa oleiferaLamk): A Miracle Health Tree, Agrotech Publishing Academy, Udaipur, 23 
    46. Premi M, and Sharma HK. (2013). Oil Extraction Optimization and Kinetics from Moringa oleifera (PKM 1) Seeds. International Journal of Agriculture and Food Science Technology, 4(4): 371-378. 
    47. Ram J. (1994). Moringa – A highly nutritious vegetable tree. Tropical rural and island/A toll to development, experiment station (TRIADES), Technical Bull. No.2
    48. Ramchandran C, Peter KV, and Gopalkrishna PK. (1980). Drumstick (Moringa oleifera): A development, Experimental station (TRIADES), Technical Bull No.2
    49. Ramteke RS, Eipeson WE, Chauhan AS, and Rekha N, (2013). A process for the preparation of vegetable powder from drumstick (Moringa oleifera Lam.). Indian Patent A23L 1/212, CFTRI, Mysore
    50. Rashid U, Anwar F, Moser BR, and Knothe G. (2006). Moringa oleifera oil: A possible source of biodiesel, Bio-resource Technology, 99:8175-8179
    51. Ruckmani K, Kavimani S, Anandan R, and Jaykar B. (1998). Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam on paracetamolinducedhepa toxicity. Indian Journal of Pharmacy Science, 60:33-35. 
    52. Sengul M, Yildiz H, Gungor N, Cetin B, Eser Z, and Ercisli S. (2012). Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant and, Antimicrobial Activities of Some Medicinal Plants. Pakistan Journal of Pharmacy Science, 22(1): 102-106
    53. Tetteh ONA. (2009). Effect of blanching and dehydration method on the quality of Moringa leaf powder used as herbal green tea, MSc Thesis. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana 
    54. Thillaivanan S, and Samraj K. (2014). Challenges, constraints and opportunities in herbal medicines – A Review. International Journal of Herb Medicine, 2:21-24
    55. Tsaknis J, Spiliotis V, Lalas S, Gergis V, and Dourtoglou V. (1999). Quality changes of Moringa oleifera variety M. bololo of Kenya seed oil during frying. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 47:4495-4499.
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