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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Reviewer Article

volume 41 issue 3 (september 2020) : 248-255,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-143

Ascorbic Acid a Universal Supplement that Mitigates Road Transportation Stress in Ruminants: A Review

K
K.T.Biobaku
A
A.O. Ahmed
1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.
Cite article:- K.T.Biobaku, Ahmed A.O. (2020). Ascorbic Acid a Universal Supplement that Mitigates Road Transportation Stress in Ruminants: A Review. Agricultural Reviews. 41(3): 248-255. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-143.

ABSTRACT

This write up is aimed at proffering solution to the problem of transportation stress in ruminants in the tropics. Ascorbic acid is safe as buttressed in this write up for the improvement of meat quality in short and long terms road transportation stress.This review cover an aspect of animal physiology of stress, veterinary pharmacological aspects of ascorbic acid, how ascorbic acid improved meat product of animals exposed to long transportation stress. Ascorbic acid had no withdrawal period and was scientifically proven to be advantageous to meat characteristics and animal welfare. This was given credence to by its advantages as an anti-oxidative agent in solving the menace of road transportation to veterinarians, animal scientists and other professionals in the livestock industry.

REFERENCES

  1. Adenkola, Y.A.; Ayo, J. O.; Sackey, A. K.B. and Adelaiye, A.B. (2011). Eight hours road transportation and ascorbic acid administration effects on haematological parameters of pigs during the Harmattan season. Agric. Biol. J. North. America. 2 (8): 1143-1150.
  2. Adenkola,Y.A., Ayo, J.O.; Sackey, A.K.B., Adelaiye, A.B. and Minka, N.S. (2009). Excitability Scores of pigs administered ascorbic acid and transported during harmattan season Veterinarski Arhive. 79 (5): 471-480.
  3. Appleby, M.C.; Cussen, V.A.; Garces, L.; Lambert, L.A. and Turner, J. (2008). Long distance transport and welfare of farm Animals CABI Publications, London, United Kingdom. Pp 70-74.
  4. Ayo, J.O.; Minka, N.S., and Mamman, M (2006). Excitability scores of goats administered ascorbic acid and transported during hot-dry conditions. J. Vet. Sci. 7(2): 127-131.
  5. Ayo, J.O.; Minka, N.S; Sackey, A .K.B and Adelaiye, A.B. (2010). Responses of serum electrolytes of goats to twelve hours of road transportation during the hot-dry season in Nigeria, and the effects of pretreatment with ascorbic acid Onder.J. Vet. res. 78: 409-419.
  6. Bender, D. A (1992). Ascorbic acid In: Nutritional Biochemistry of the Vitamin. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 360-393.
  7. Biobaku, (2015a). Evaluation of IL-6, cortisol, some biomarkers and heart rate variability in the assessment of suitability of oral and intramuscular routes for administration of ascorbic acid in short term transportation stress in Kalahari goats. A clinical oriented Dissertation submitted for fellowship programme to the Veterinary medicine unit (Clinical pharmacology) of University of Ibadan, College of Veterinary Surgeon, Nigeria.
  8. Biobaku, K. T. (2015b). Effect of xylazine and ascorbic acid co-administration on transportation stress and meat characteristics in Sahel bucks. A Ph. D Thesis submitted to the Post graduate school, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
  9. Biobaku, K. T.; Odetokun, I. A.; Akorede, G. J.; Olatunji, A. O.; Basiru, A.; Jibir, M.;Suleiman, K. Y.; Aremu, A.; Agaie, B. M. and Onifade, K. I. (2020). Evaluation of chevon characteristics to assess xylazine and ascorbic acid efficacy in rendering welfare to bucks subjected to long road transportation and stocking stress. J. Anim Sci. Vet. Med. In Press 
  10. Biobaku, K.T. and Amid, S. A. (2018). Predisposing factors associated with diseases in animals in Nigeria and possible botanical immunostimulants and immunomodulators: A Review. Bang. J. Vet. Med. 16 (1): 87-101.
  11. Biobaku, K.T., Okediran, B.S., Adebiyi, A.T., Aremu, A and Atata, A.J. (2016c). Evaluating the antistress potential of propofol in road transportation welfare using some bio-markers in west African dwarf goats. 14 Bang. J. Vet. Med. (2): 171-177.
  12. Biobaku, K.T.; Agaie B.M. and Aremu, A. (2017). Evaluating stress amelioration of oral vitamin C in bucks exposed to long term transportation and stocking. Bang. J. Vet. Med. 15(1): 33-38.
  13. Biobaku, K.T., Agaie, B.M. and Jibir, M. (2018a). Correlation of thyroid hormones, chevon characteristics and electrolytes dynamics in therapeutic welfare of xylazine and ascorbic acid in bucks. Annls. Food Sci.Tech. 19 (1): 146-157.
  14. Biobaku, K.T.; Agaie, B.M.; Onifade, K.I.; Odetokun, I.A.; Okediran, B.S.; Ameen, S.A.; Ismaila, M.S.; Adam, M and Raji L.O. (2016a). Effects of xylazine on physiological and biochemical parameters of Sahel bucks exposed to long term road transportation in Nigeria. Sok. J. Vet. Sci. 14(2): 43-53.
  15. Biobaku, K.T.; Jibir, M.; Odetokun, I.A.; Onifade, K.I.; Ismaila M.S and Agaie, B.M. (2016b). Ascorbic acid supplementation improves the quality of meat characteristics in Sahel bucks exposed to long distance road transportation. Alex. J. Vet. Sci. 51(1): 24-30.
  16. Biobaku, K.T.; Omobowale, T.O.; Ahmed, O.A.; Aremu, A.; Okwelum, N. and Adah, A.S. (2018b). Use of goat Interleukin-6, Cortisol and some biomarkers to evaluate clinical suitability of two routes of ascorbic acid administration in transportation stress Vet. World. 11(5): 674-680
  17. Black, W D and Hidiroglou (1994). Pharmacokinetic study of Ascorbic acid in the sheep. Can. Vet. J. 60: 216-121.
  18. Buncic, S (2006). Integrated food safety and Veterinary Public Health Published by cromwell Press, Trowbrigh, United Kingdom.
  19. Chauhan, R.S. and Agarwal D. K (2006). Veterinary Clinical and laboratory diagnosis second edition pp.201-202. Jaypee publishers, India.
  20. Das, S.K. (2018). Impact of climate change (heat stress) on livestock: adaptation and mitigation strategies for sustainable production. Agric. Rev. 39(2): 130-136.
  21. FAO (2005). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
  22. Fazeli, P.; Zamiri, M.J.; Farshad,A. and Khalili,B. (2010). Effects of vitamin C on testicular and seminal characteristics of Markhoz goats. Iran. J. Vet. Res. 11(32): 267-272.
  23. Fazio, E. and Ferlazo, A.(2003). Evaluation of stress during transport. Vet. Res. Com .27: 525-527.
  24. Goodman Gilman (2001). The Pharmacological basis of therapeutics tenth edn. McGraw Hills United State of America pp 456.
  25. Grandin, T. (1997). Assessment of stress during handling and transport. J.Anim. Sci. 75: 249-257.
  26. Gregory, G.N (2004). Behavior of animal suffering. First ed pp 25-50 by Blackwell Publishing Company United Kingdom.
  27. Guyton, A.C. and Hall, J.E. (2006). Textbook of Medical Physiology. 11th edn, Elsevier Saunders, Amsterdam. 
  28. Hickey,S. Roberts, H.J and Miller, N.J (2008). Pharmacokinetics of oral vitamin C. J. Nutri. Env. Med. 17(3): 169-177.
  29. Hidiroglou, M.; Batra, T.R. and Zhao, X (1997).Comparison of Vitamin C bioavailability after multiple or single oral dosing of different formulations in sheep. Rep. Nutri. Dev. 37: 443-448.
  30. Ingale, S.L.; Mulik, S.V.; Suryawanshi, A and Zadbuke, S. (2010). Nutrition-parasite interaction: A Review. Agric Rev. 31(1): 48 - 55
  31. Irwin, H.P.; Cho, B.H and Oh, J.V (2012). Animal stress result in Meat causing diseases downloaded web version courtesy of Jean chemours website.
  32. Kazemi, M.; Tabel, S.M.B.; Najafizadeh, K.; Sisakht, J.M.; Milani, S., Khosravi, M.B (2015). Evaluation of effects of ascorbic acid administration of gene expression level of IL-6 and TNF-á cytokines in deceased donor. Iran. J. of Aller, Asth and immum. 14(2): 149-157.
  33. Kim, S., Thiessen, P.A., Cheng, T., Yu, B., Benjamin, A., Jiyao., Wang, S., Bolton, Evan E., Wang, Y. and Bryant, S.H. (2016). Literature information in PubChem: associations between PubChem records and scientific articles. J. Cheminform. 8: 32.
  34. Kumar, B. V. S.; Singh G. and Meur, S. K. (2010). Effects of addition of electrolyte and ascorbic acid in feed during heat stress in buffaloes. (2010). Asian-Austr. J.Anim. Sci. 23(7): 880-888.
  35. Levine, M., Cantilena, CC., and Dhariwal, K.R. (1993). In Situ Kinetics and ascorbic acid requirements. World Rev. Nutri. Diet. 72: 114-127. 
  36. Macpherson, A and Moon, F.E (1976). Effects of long term maintenance of sheep on cobalt diet as assessed by clinical condition and biochemical parameters. In: Hoekstra, A.G, Suthie, J.W., Ganther, H.E, Mertz W, Editions. Trace Elements Metabolism in Animals, 2nd edn. Baltimore University Park Press.
  37. Macphherson, A (1983). Plasma ascorbic acid in sheep as affected by cobalt status. In: Black, W D and Hidiroglou, M. Pharmacokinetic study of Ascorbic acid in the sheep. Can. Vet. J. 60: 216-121.
  38. Majekodunmi, B.C.; Ogunwole, O. A and Sokunbi, O.A. (2015). Synergistic effect of electrolytes and ascorbic acid on performance and physiological response of broiler birds in hot humid tropics. Inter. J. Agric. Fores. 5(1): 23-29.
  39. Mandi, J.; Szarka. A. and Banhegy, G. (2009). Vitamin C: Update on Physiology and Pharmacology. Brit. J. Pharm. 157: 1097-1110.
  40. May, J.M (1998). Ascorbate function and metabolism in the human erythrocyte. Front .Biosci. 3: 1-10.
  41. Minka, N.S and Ayo, J.O (2008). Haematology and behavior of pullets transported by road and administered with ascorbic acid during the hot-dry season. Res.Vet. Sci. 85: 389-393.
  42. Minka, N.S and Ayo, J.O (2010). Serum biochemical activities and muscular soreness in transported goats administered with ascorbic acid during the hot–dry season. Europ. J. Trans myol-Basic App. Myol.1 (4): 193-203.
  43. Minka, N.S., Ayo, and J.O., (2007). A physiological responses of transported goats treated with ascorbic acid during the hot-dry season. Anim. Sci. J. 78: 164-172.
  44. Nakano, K; Suzuki, S (1984). Stress-Induced changes in the levels of ascorbic and histamine in rats. J. Nutri. 114: 1602-1608.
  45. Odumosu, A and Wilson, C.W.M. (1977). Inter. J. Vit. Nutri. Res.47: 135 referenced by Sadoogh-Abasian, F and Evered D.F. (1979).Absorption of Vitamin C from human buccal cavity. Brit. J.Nutri. 47: 15.
  46. Sanusi, A.O., Peter, S.O., Sonibare, A.O and Ozojie, M.O. (2010). Effect of coat colour on heat stress among west African dwarf sheep. J. Niger. Soc. Anim. Prod. 37(2): 28-36.
  47. Singh, V. (2007). Universal Meat hygiene in Public health care published by International book distributing company New Delhi, India and Co. pp. 114-125.
  48. Stephenson, M.C.; Levin, R.D.; Thomas, S. and Lis C.G. (2013). Phase I clinical trials to evaluate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of high-dose intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with an advanced cancer. Canc. Chemo. Pharm. Doi 10.1007s00280-013-2179-9.
  49. Stillborn, H.L.; Harris, G.C.and Waldroup, P.W. (1988). Ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) in the diet of broilers maintained under heat stress conditions Pout Sci. 67: 1183-1187.
  50. Talukdar, D.J.; Talukdar P. and Ahmed, K. (2016). Minerals and its impact on fertility of livestock: A review. Agric. Rev. 37(4): 333-337.
  51. Zavy, M.T.; Juniewicz, W.A and Vono T (1992). Effect of initial restraint weaning and transport stress of baseline and ACTH stimulated Cortisol responses in beef calves of different genotypes. Ameri. J.Vet. Res. 53: 551.
  52. Zulkifli, I.; Che-Norma, M.T.; Chong C.H and Loh, T.C. (2000). Heterophil to hymphocyte ratio and tonic Immobility reactions to Pre-slaughter handling in broiler chickens treates with ascorbic acid. Poult. Sci. 79: 402-406.
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    Reviewer Article

    volume 41 issue 3 (september 2020) : 248-255,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.R-143

    Ascorbic Acid a Universal Supplement that Mitigates Road Transportation Stress in Ruminants: A Review

    K
    K.T.Biobaku
    A
    A.O. Ahmed
    1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.
    Cite article:- K.T.Biobaku, Ahmed A.O. (2020). Ascorbic Acid a Universal Supplement that Mitigates Road Transportation Stress in Ruminants: A Review. Agricultural Reviews. 41(3): 248-255. doi: 10.18805/ag.R-143.

    ABSTRACT

    This write up is aimed at proffering solution to the problem of transportation stress in ruminants in the tropics. Ascorbic acid is safe as buttressed in this write up for the improvement of meat quality in short and long terms road transportation stress.This review cover an aspect of animal physiology of stress, veterinary pharmacological aspects of ascorbic acid, how ascorbic acid improved meat product of animals exposed to long transportation stress. Ascorbic acid had no withdrawal period and was scientifically proven to be advantageous to meat characteristics and animal welfare. This was given credence to by its advantages as an anti-oxidative agent in solving the menace of road transportation to veterinarians, animal scientists and other professionals in the livestock industry.

    REFERENCES

    1. Adenkola, Y.A.; Ayo, J. O.; Sackey, A. K.B. and Adelaiye, A.B. (2011). Eight hours road transportation and ascorbic acid administration effects on haematological parameters of pigs during the Harmattan season. Agric. Biol. J. North. America. 2 (8): 1143-1150.
    2. Adenkola,Y.A., Ayo, J.O.; Sackey, A.K.B., Adelaiye, A.B. and Minka, N.S. (2009). Excitability Scores of pigs administered ascorbic acid and transported during harmattan season Veterinarski Arhive. 79 (5): 471-480.
    3. Appleby, M.C.; Cussen, V.A.; Garces, L.; Lambert, L.A. and Turner, J. (2008). Long distance transport and welfare of farm Animals CABI Publications, London, United Kingdom. Pp 70-74.
    4. Ayo, J.O.; Minka, N.S., and Mamman, M (2006). Excitability scores of goats administered ascorbic acid and transported during hot-dry conditions. J. Vet. Sci. 7(2): 127-131.
    5. Ayo, J.O.; Minka, N.S; Sackey, A .K.B and Adelaiye, A.B. (2010). Responses of serum electrolytes of goats to twelve hours of road transportation during the hot-dry season in Nigeria, and the effects of pretreatment with ascorbic acid Onder.J. Vet. res. 78: 409-419.
    6. Bender, D. A (1992). Ascorbic acid In: Nutritional Biochemistry of the Vitamin. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 360-393.
    7. Biobaku, (2015a). Evaluation of IL-6, cortisol, some biomarkers and heart rate variability in the assessment of suitability of oral and intramuscular routes for administration of ascorbic acid in short term transportation stress in Kalahari goats. A clinical oriented Dissertation submitted for fellowship programme to the Veterinary medicine unit (Clinical pharmacology) of University of Ibadan, College of Veterinary Surgeon, Nigeria.
    8. Biobaku, K. T. (2015b). Effect of xylazine and ascorbic acid co-administration on transportation stress and meat characteristics in Sahel bucks. A Ph. D Thesis submitted to the Post graduate school, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
    9. Biobaku, K. T.; Odetokun, I. A.; Akorede, G. J.; Olatunji, A. O.; Basiru, A.; Jibir, M.;Suleiman, K. Y.; Aremu, A.; Agaie, B. M. and Onifade, K. I. (2020). Evaluation of chevon characteristics to assess xylazine and ascorbic acid efficacy in rendering welfare to bucks subjected to long road transportation and stocking stress. J. Anim Sci. Vet. Med. In Press 
    10. Biobaku, K.T. and Amid, S. A. (2018). Predisposing factors associated with diseases in animals in Nigeria and possible botanical immunostimulants and immunomodulators: A Review. Bang. J. Vet. Med. 16 (1): 87-101.
    11. Biobaku, K.T., Okediran, B.S., Adebiyi, A.T., Aremu, A and Atata, A.J. (2016c). Evaluating the antistress potential of propofol in road transportation welfare using some bio-markers in west African dwarf goats. 14 Bang. J. Vet. Med. (2): 171-177.
    12. Biobaku, K.T.; Agaie B.M. and Aremu, A. (2017). Evaluating stress amelioration of oral vitamin C in bucks exposed to long term transportation and stocking. Bang. J. Vet. Med. 15(1): 33-38.
    13. Biobaku, K.T., Agaie, B.M. and Jibir, M. (2018a). Correlation of thyroid hormones, chevon characteristics and electrolytes dynamics in therapeutic welfare of xylazine and ascorbic acid in bucks. Annls. Food Sci.Tech. 19 (1): 146-157.
    14. Biobaku, K.T.; Agaie, B.M.; Onifade, K.I.; Odetokun, I.A.; Okediran, B.S.; Ameen, S.A.; Ismaila, M.S.; Adam, M and Raji L.O. (2016a). Effects of xylazine on physiological and biochemical parameters of Sahel bucks exposed to long term road transportation in Nigeria. Sok. J. Vet. Sci. 14(2): 43-53.
    15. Biobaku, K.T.; Jibir, M.; Odetokun, I.A.; Onifade, K.I.; Ismaila M.S and Agaie, B.M. (2016b). Ascorbic acid supplementation improves the quality of meat characteristics in Sahel bucks exposed to long distance road transportation. Alex. J. Vet. Sci. 51(1): 24-30.
    16. Biobaku, K.T.; Omobowale, T.O.; Ahmed, O.A.; Aremu, A.; Okwelum, N. and Adah, A.S. (2018b). Use of goat Interleukin-6, Cortisol and some biomarkers to evaluate clinical suitability of two routes of ascorbic acid administration in transportation stress Vet. World. 11(5): 674-680
    17. Black, W D and Hidiroglou (1994). Pharmacokinetic study of Ascorbic acid in the sheep. Can. Vet. J. 60: 216-121.
    18. Buncic, S (2006). Integrated food safety and Veterinary Public Health Published by cromwell Press, Trowbrigh, United Kingdom.
    19. Chauhan, R.S. and Agarwal D. K (2006). Veterinary Clinical and laboratory diagnosis second edition pp.201-202. Jaypee publishers, India.
    20. Das, S.K. (2018). Impact of climate change (heat stress) on livestock: adaptation and mitigation strategies for sustainable production. Agric. Rev. 39(2): 130-136.
    21. FAO (2005). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
    22. Fazeli, P.; Zamiri, M.J.; Farshad,A. and Khalili,B. (2010). Effects of vitamin C on testicular and seminal characteristics of Markhoz goats. Iran. J. Vet. Res. 11(32): 267-272.
    23. Fazio, E. and Ferlazo, A.(2003). Evaluation of stress during transport. Vet. Res. Com .27: 525-527.
    24. Goodman Gilman (2001). The Pharmacological basis of therapeutics tenth edn. McGraw Hills United State of America pp 456.
    25. Grandin, T. (1997). Assessment of stress during handling and transport. J.Anim. Sci. 75: 249-257.
    26. Gregory, G.N (2004). Behavior of animal suffering. First ed pp 25-50 by Blackwell Publishing Company United Kingdom.
    27. Guyton, A.C. and Hall, J.E. (2006). Textbook of Medical Physiology. 11th edn, Elsevier Saunders, Amsterdam. 
    28. Hickey,S. Roberts, H.J and Miller, N.J (2008). Pharmacokinetics of oral vitamin C. J. Nutri. Env. Med. 17(3): 169-177.
    29. Hidiroglou, M.; Batra, T.R. and Zhao, X (1997).Comparison of Vitamin C bioavailability after multiple or single oral dosing of different formulations in sheep. Rep. Nutri. Dev. 37: 443-448.
    30. Ingale, S.L.; Mulik, S.V.; Suryawanshi, A and Zadbuke, S. (2010). Nutrition-parasite interaction: A Review. Agric Rev. 31(1): 48 - 55
    31. Irwin, H.P.; Cho, B.H and Oh, J.V (2012). Animal stress result in Meat causing diseases downloaded web version courtesy of Jean chemours website.
    32. Kazemi, M.; Tabel, S.M.B.; Najafizadeh, K.; Sisakht, J.M.; Milani, S., Khosravi, M.B (2015). Evaluation of effects of ascorbic acid administration of gene expression level of IL-6 and TNF-á cytokines in deceased donor. Iran. J. of Aller, Asth and immum. 14(2): 149-157.
    33. Kim, S., Thiessen, P.A., Cheng, T., Yu, B., Benjamin, A., Jiyao., Wang, S., Bolton, Evan E., Wang, Y. and Bryant, S.H. (2016). Literature information in PubChem: associations between PubChem records and scientific articles. J. Cheminform. 8: 32.
    34. Kumar, B. V. S.; Singh G. and Meur, S. K. (2010). Effects of addition of electrolyte and ascorbic acid in feed during heat stress in buffaloes. (2010). Asian-Austr. J.Anim. Sci. 23(7): 880-888.
    35. Levine, M., Cantilena, CC., and Dhariwal, K.R. (1993). In Situ Kinetics and ascorbic acid requirements. World Rev. Nutri. Diet. 72: 114-127. 
    36. Macpherson, A and Moon, F.E (1976). Effects of long term maintenance of sheep on cobalt diet as assessed by clinical condition and biochemical parameters. In: Hoekstra, A.G, Suthie, J.W., Ganther, H.E, Mertz W, Editions. Trace Elements Metabolism in Animals, 2nd edn. Baltimore University Park Press.
    37. Macphherson, A (1983). Plasma ascorbic acid in sheep as affected by cobalt status. In: Black, W D and Hidiroglou, M. Pharmacokinetic study of Ascorbic acid in the sheep. Can. Vet. J. 60: 216-121.
    38. Majekodunmi, B.C.; Ogunwole, O. A and Sokunbi, O.A. (2015). Synergistic effect of electrolytes and ascorbic acid on performance and physiological response of broiler birds in hot humid tropics. Inter. J. Agric. Fores. 5(1): 23-29.
    39. Mandi, J.; Szarka. A. and Banhegy, G. (2009). Vitamin C: Update on Physiology and Pharmacology. Brit. J. Pharm. 157: 1097-1110.
    40. May, J.M (1998). Ascorbate function and metabolism in the human erythrocyte. Front .Biosci. 3: 1-10.
    41. Minka, N.S and Ayo, J.O (2008). Haematology and behavior of pullets transported by road and administered with ascorbic acid during the hot-dry season. Res.Vet. Sci. 85: 389-393.
    42. Minka, N.S and Ayo, J.O (2010). Serum biochemical activities and muscular soreness in transported goats administered with ascorbic acid during the hot–dry season. Europ. J. Trans myol-Basic App. Myol.1 (4): 193-203.
    43. Minka, N.S., Ayo, and J.O., (2007). A physiological responses of transported goats treated with ascorbic acid during the hot-dry season. Anim. Sci. J. 78: 164-172.
    44. Nakano, K; Suzuki, S (1984). Stress-Induced changes in the levels of ascorbic and histamine in rats. J. Nutri. 114: 1602-1608.
    45. Odumosu, A and Wilson, C.W.M. (1977). Inter. J. Vit. Nutri. Res.47: 135 referenced by Sadoogh-Abasian, F and Evered D.F. (1979).Absorption of Vitamin C from human buccal cavity. Brit. J.Nutri. 47: 15.
    46. Sanusi, A.O., Peter, S.O., Sonibare, A.O and Ozojie, M.O. (2010). Effect of coat colour on heat stress among west African dwarf sheep. J. Niger. Soc. Anim. Prod. 37(2): 28-36.
    47. Singh, V. (2007). Universal Meat hygiene in Public health care published by International book distributing company New Delhi, India and Co. pp. 114-125.
    48. Stephenson, M.C.; Levin, R.D.; Thomas, S. and Lis C.G. (2013). Phase I clinical trials to evaluate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of high-dose intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with an advanced cancer. Canc. Chemo. Pharm. Doi 10.1007s00280-013-2179-9.
    49. Stillborn, H.L.; Harris, G.C.and Waldroup, P.W. (1988). Ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) in the diet of broilers maintained under heat stress conditions Pout Sci. 67: 1183-1187.
    50. Talukdar, D.J.; Talukdar P. and Ahmed, K. (2016). Minerals and its impact on fertility of livestock: A review. Agric. Rev. 37(4): 333-337.
    51. Zavy, M.T.; Juniewicz, W.A and Vono T (1992). Effect of initial restraint weaning and transport stress of baseline and ACTH stimulated Cortisol responses in beef calves of different genotypes. Ameri. J.Vet. Res. 53: 551.
    52. Zulkifli, I.; Che-Norma, M.T.; Chong C.H and Loh, T.C. (2000). Heterophil to hymphocyte ratio and tonic Immobility reactions to Pre-slaughter handling in broiler chickens treates with ascorbic acid. Poult. Sci. 79: 402-406.
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