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volume 35 issue 4 (december 2014) : 279 - 286,   Doi: 10.5958/0976-0741.2014.00915.5

IMPACT OF INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE ON NATURAL RESOURCE BASE OF PUNJAB- A REVIEW

N
Navneet Kaur*
1Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana- 141 001, India
Cite article:- Kaur* Navneet (2025). IMPACT OF INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE ON NATURAL RESOURCE BASE OF PUNJAB- A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 35(4): 279 - 286. doi: 10.5958/0976-0741.2014.00915.5.

ABSTRACT

Punjab made a spectacular progress and changed the agricultural scenario of the country from a stage of begging bowl to self reliance in food production associated with the well known “Green Revolution”. The over intensification and monoculture over the years has led to overall degradation of the fragile agro ecosystem. With increase in developmental activities, more and more productive land is being brought under industry and housing complexes etc. The exploitive agricultural practices resulted in presence of residues of chemicals in food and feed products at levels which are dangerous for human and cattle health. Declining farm yield and income due to economic and ecological factors is pushing marginal and small farmers into vicious cycle of debt. Agricultural ecosystems have become incredibly good at producing food, but at cost of environment that cannot be ignored. It is critical that agricultural practices be modified by adoption of environment friendly practices like INM and IPM etc. to conserve and enhance the ecological foundations such as soil, water and biodiversity essential for sustained advances in agricultural productivity and profitability.

REFERENCES

  1. Anonymous. (2012). Package and Practices for crops of Punjab- Kharif & Rabi. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
  2. Benbi, D.K., Nayyar, V.K. and Brar, J.S. (2006). The Green Revolution in Punjab: Impact on Soil Health. Indian J. Fertil. 2: 57-66.
  3. Brar, J.S. and Chhibba, I.M. (1994). N, P and K Status of Punjab Soils. Indian J. Ecol. 21: 34-38.
  4. CGWB. (2010). Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, India. http://cgwb.gov.in/
  5. Chawla, J. K., Khepar, S.D., Siag, M. and Kumar, D. (2001). Quality status and optimum utilisation of village pond water - a case study. Indian J Environ. Hlth. 43: 114-122.
  6. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007). Cambridge, UK/New York pp. 499-587. Cambridge Univ. Press.
  7. Gadde Butchaiah , Se´bastien Bonnet , Christoph Menke , Savitri Garivait. (2009). Air pollutant emissions from rice straw open ûeld burning in India, Thailandand the Philippines. Environmtal Polltn. 157: 1554–1558.
  8. Gupta, P.K., Sahai, S., Singh, N., Dixit, C.K., Singh, D.P., Sharma, C., Tiwari, M.K. and Gupta, . K. (2004). Residue Burning in Rice-Wheat Cropping System: Causes and Implications. Curr. Sci. 87: 1- 12.
  9. IPCC, Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate change (2007): The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
  10. Khosa, M. K., Sidhu, B.S. and Benbi, D.K. (2011). Methane emission from rice fields in relation to management of irrigation water. J. Environ. Bio. 32: 169-172.
  11. Kumar, P. and S. Kumar. (2010). Valuing the health effects of air pollution from agricultural residue burning, Invited Paper to the ACIAR Workshop “Policy Options to Reduce Rice Stubble Burning”, Punjab State Marketing (Mandi) Board, Chandigarh, 13-15 October.
  12. Mäder, P., Fliebbach, A., Dubois, D., Gunst, L., Fried, P. and Niggli, U. (2002). Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming. Sci. 296: 1694-1697.
  13. Nayyar, V.K., Arora, C.L. and Kataki, P. (2001). Management of soil micronutrient deficiencies in the rice-wheat cropping system. J. Crop Prod., 4: 87-131.
  14. Nayyar, V.K., Takkar, P.N., Bansal, R.L., Singh, S.P., Kaur, N.P. and Sadana, U.S. (1990) Micronutrients in soils and crops of Punjab. Research Bulletin, Department of Soils, PAU, Ludhiana.
  15. Nieder, R. and Benbi, D.K. (2008) Carbon and Nitrogen in the Terrestrial Environment Springer Science. p. 430.
  16. PRSC (2006). Natural Resources Information for Sustainable Agriculture in Punjab. Punjab Remote Sensing Center, pp: 45.
  17. Ram, B., Garg, S.P. and Matharu, S.S. (2005). Effects of contaminants in waste water on soil and vegetables. Punjab Pollution Control Board.
  18. Rajasekar, D. and Jerath, N. (2008). In: Birds of Keshopur Wetland A Field Guide Published by Punjab State Council for Science and Technology, Chandigarh. Sadana, U.S., J.S. Manchanda, M.P.S. Khurana, Dhaliwal, S.S. and Singh, H. (2010). The Current Scenario and Efficient Management of Zinc, Iron, and manganese deficiencies. Better Crps South Asia: 24-26.
  19. Samra, J.S., Agnihotri, Y., Mittal, S.P., Bansal, R.C., Aggrawal, R.K. and Yadav, R.P. (2002). Environmental Impact Assessment of Participatory Watershed Management in Shivaliks- Rel Majra. Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute, Chandigarh.
  20. Sharma, M., Jerath, N. and Chadha, J. (2003). In : Study of Biodiversity in Shivalik Ecosystem of Punjab (Ed: Jerath, N., Puja & Chadha, 2003) Report, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.
  21. Sharma, A., Khurana, G.S. and Dhaliwal, G.S. (2005). Awareness of the farmers of Punjab state regarding environment implication caused due to excessive use of pesticides. Indian J. Ecol. 32: 76-78.
  22. Shiva ,V. (2003). Organic Farming: The Real Green Revolution for Removal Of Poverty, Hunger and Ecological Insecurity. Published by: Sustainable Agriculture Information Network. (http://ecoport.org/ ep?SearchType= earticle View&earticleId=739&page=-2#section58
  23. Sidhu, B. S., O. P. Rupela, V. Beri. and Joshi, P. K. (1998). Sustainability implications of burning rice-and wheat- straw in Punjab. Econ. and Pol. Weekly September 26.
  24. Sidhu H.S., Singh, M., Humphreys, E., Singh,Y., Singh, B., Dhillon, S.S., Blackwell, J., Bector, V., Singh, M. and Singh, S. (2007). ‘The Happy Seeder enables direct drilling of wheat into rice stubble’, Aust. J. Exptal. Agri. 47: 844-854.
  25. Singh, B. (2002). Pesticidal contamination of the environment of Punjab. Indian J. Ecol. 29: 189-198.
  26. Singh, K. (2009). Act to Save Groundwater in Punjab: Its Impact on Water Table, Electricity Subsidy and Environment. Agril. Econ. Res. Rev. 22: 365-386.
  27. Swaminathan, M. S. (2010). Do or Die Year on the Farm Front - Convocation Address, held on 10 February, College of Agriculture, PAU, Ludhiana.
  28. Tilman, D. (1999). Global environmental impacts of agricultural expansion: The need for sustainable and efficient practices. Proc. Ntl. Aca. Sci. U. S. A. 96: 5995-6000.
  29. Tiwana, N.S., Jerath, N., Saxena, S.K., Nangia, P., and Parwana, H.K. (2005). State of Environment, Punjab, pp: 315.
  30. Wallace, Ken J. (2007). Classification of ecosystem services: Problems and solutions. Biol. Cons . 3 9: 235-2 4 6.
  31. Wassmann, R., Neue, H.U., Lantin, R.S., Makarim, K., Chareonsilp, N., Buendia, L.V. and Rennenberg, H. (2000). Characterization of methane emissions from rice fields in Asia. II. Differences among irrigated, rainfed and deepwater rice. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 58: 13-22.
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    volume 35 issue 4 (december 2014) : 279 - 286,   Doi: 10.5958/0976-0741.2014.00915.5

    IMPACT OF INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE ON NATURAL RESOURCE BASE OF PUNJAB- A REVIEW

    N
    Navneet Kaur*
    1Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana- 141 001, India
    Cite article:- Kaur* Navneet (2025). IMPACT OF INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE ON NATURAL RESOURCE BASE OF PUNJAB- A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 35(4): 279 - 286. doi: 10.5958/0976-0741.2014.00915.5.

    ABSTRACT

    Punjab made a spectacular progress and changed the agricultural scenario of the country from a stage of begging bowl to self reliance in food production associated with the well known “Green Revolution”. The over intensification and monoculture over the years has led to overall degradation of the fragile agro ecosystem. With increase in developmental activities, more and more productive land is being brought under industry and housing complexes etc. The exploitive agricultural practices resulted in presence of residues of chemicals in food and feed products at levels which are dangerous for human and cattle health. Declining farm yield and income due to economic and ecological factors is pushing marginal and small farmers into vicious cycle of debt. Agricultural ecosystems have become incredibly good at producing food, but at cost of environment that cannot be ignored. It is critical that agricultural practices be modified by adoption of environment friendly practices like INM and IPM etc. to conserve and enhance the ecological foundations such as soil, water and biodiversity essential for sustained advances in agricultural productivity and profitability.

    REFERENCES

    1. Anonymous. (2012). Package and Practices for crops of Punjab- Kharif & Rabi. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
    2. Benbi, D.K., Nayyar, V.K. and Brar, J.S. (2006). The Green Revolution in Punjab: Impact on Soil Health. Indian J. Fertil. 2: 57-66.
    3. Brar, J.S. and Chhibba, I.M. (1994). N, P and K Status of Punjab Soils. Indian J. Ecol. 21: 34-38.
    4. CGWB. (2010). Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, India. http://cgwb.gov.in/
    5. Chawla, J. K., Khepar, S.D., Siag, M. and Kumar, D. (2001). Quality status and optimum utilisation of village pond water - a case study. Indian J Environ. Hlth. 43: 114-122.
    6. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007). Cambridge, UK/New York pp. 499-587. Cambridge Univ. Press.
    7. Gadde Butchaiah , Se´bastien Bonnet , Christoph Menke , Savitri Garivait. (2009). Air pollutant emissions from rice straw open ûeld burning in India, Thailandand the Philippines. Environmtal Polltn. 157: 1554–1558.
    8. Gupta, P.K., Sahai, S., Singh, N., Dixit, C.K., Singh, D.P., Sharma, C., Tiwari, M.K. and Gupta, . K. (2004). Residue Burning in Rice-Wheat Cropping System: Causes and Implications. Curr. Sci. 87: 1- 12.
    9. IPCC, Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate change (2007): The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
    10. Khosa, M. K., Sidhu, B.S. and Benbi, D.K. (2011). Methane emission from rice fields in relation to management of irrigation water. J. Environ. Bio. 32: 169-172.
    11. Kumar, P. and S. Kumar. (2010). Valuing the health effects of air pollution from agricultural residue burning, Invited Paper to the ACIAR Workshop “Policy Options to Reduce Rice Stubble Burning”, Punjab State Marketing (Mandi) Board, Chandigarh, 13-15 October.
    12. Mäder, P., Fliebbach, A., Dubois, D., Gunst, L., Fried, P. and Niggli, U. (2002). Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming. Sci. 296: 1694-1697.
    13. Nayyar, V.K., Arora, C.L. and Kataki, P. (2001). Management of soil micronutrient deficiencies in the rice-wheat cropping system. J. Crop Prod., 4: 87-131.
    14. Nayyar, V.K., Takkar, P.N., Bansal, R.L., Singh, S.P., Kaur, N.P. and Sadana, U.S. (1990) Micronutrients in soils and crops of Punjab. Research Bulletin, Department of Soils, PAU, Ludhiana.
    15. Nieder, R. and Benbi, D.K. (2008) Carbon and Nitrogen in the Terrestrial Environment Springer Science. p. 430.
    16. PRSC (2006). Natural Resources Information for Sustainable Agriculture in Punjab. Punjab Remote Sensing Center, pp: 45.
    17. Ram, B., Garg, S.P. and Matharu, S.S. (2005). Effects of contaminants in waste water on soil and vegetables. Punjab Pollution Control Board.
    18. Rajasekar, D. and Jerath, N. (2008). In: Birds of Keshopur Wetland A Field Guide Published by Punjab State Council for Science and Technology, Chandigarh. Sadana, U.S., J.S. Manchanda, M.P.S. Khurana, Dhaliwal, S.S. and Singh, H. (2010). The Current Scenario and Efficient Management of Zinc, Iron, and manganese deficiencies. Better Crps South Asia: 24-26.
    19. Samra, J.S., Agnihotri, Y., Mittal, S.P., Bansal, R.C., Aggrawal, R.K. and Yadav, R.P. (2002). Environmental Impact Assessment of Participatory Watershed Management in Shivaliks- Rel Majra. Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute, Chandigarh.
    20. Sharma, M., Jerath, N. and Chadha, J. (2003). In : Study of Biodiversity in Shivalik Ecosystem of Punjab (Ed: Jerath, N., Puja & Chadha, 2003) Report, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.
    21. Sharma, A., Khurana, G.S. and Dhaliwal, G.S. (2005). Awareness of the farmers of Punjab state regarding environment implication caused due to excessive use of pesticides. Indian J. Ecol. 32: 76-78.
    22. Shiva ,V. (2003). Organic Farming: The Real Green Revolution for Removal Of Poverty, Hunger and Ecological Insecurity. Published by: Sustainable Agriculture Information Network. (http://ecoport.org/ ep?SearchType= earticle View&earticleId=739&page=-2#section58
    23. Sidhu, B. S., O. P. Rupela, V. Beri. and Joshi, P. K. (1998). Sustainability implications of burning rice-and wheat- straw in Punjab. Econ. and Pol. Weekly September 26.
    24. Sidhu H.S., Singh, M., Humphreys, E., Singh,Y., Singh, B., Dhillon, S.S., Blackwell, J., Bector, V., Singh, M. and Singh, S. (2007). ‘The Happy Seeder enables direct drilling of wheat into rice stubble’, Aust. J. Exptal. Agri. 47: 844-854.
    25. Singh, B. (2002). Pesticidal contamination of the environment of Punjab. Indian J. Ecol. 29: 189-198.
    26. Singh, K. (2009). Act to Save Groundwater in Punjab: Its Impact on Water Table, Electricity Subsidy and Environment. Agril. Econ. Res. Rev. 22: 365-386.
    27. Swaminathan, M. S. (2010). Do or Die Year on the Farm Front - Convocation Address, held on 10 February, College of Agriculture, PAU, Ludhiana.
    28. Tilman, D. (1999). Global environmental impacts of agricultural expansion: The need for sustainable and efficient practices. Proc. Ntl. Aca. Sci. U. S. A. 96: 5995-6000.
    29. Tiwana, N.S., Jerath, N., Saxena, S.K., Nangia, P., and Parwana, H.K. (2005). State of Environment, Punjab, pp: 315.
    30. Wallace, Ken J. (2007). Classification of ecosystem services: Problems and solutions. Biol. Cons . 3 9: 235-2 4 6.
    31. Wassmann, R., Neue, H.U., Lantin, R.S., Makarim, K., Chareonsilp, N., Buendia, L.V. and Rennenberg, H. (2000). Characterization of methane emissions from rice fields in Asia. II. Differences among irrigated, rainfed and deepwater rice. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 58: 13-22.
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