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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 35 issue 3 (september 2014) : 225-232,   Doi: 10.5958/0976-0741.2014.00909.X

PHYSIO-CHEMICAL CHANGES DURING POST HARVEST HANDLING OF ONION (Allium cepa L.)–A REVIEW

S
Shivakumar*
C
Chandrashekar S.Y.
1K.R.C. College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, Gokak tq., Belgaum-591 218, India
Cite article:- Shivakumar*, S.Y. Chandrashekar (2025). PHYSIO-CHEMICAL CHANGES DURING POST HARVEST HANDLING OF ONION (Allium cepa L.)–A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 35(3): 225-232. doi: 10.5958/0976-0741.2014.00909.X.

ABSTRACT

Harvested onion bulbs under goes several physio-chemical changes like increase in respiration, physiological loss in weight (PLW), rotting and sprouting. Chemical changes in stored of onions include dry matter content, pungency, abscisic acid and fructans concentration. The seasonal differences were observed in the weight of the onions, dry matter content, glucose and total carbohydrates. Even some of  the pre-harvest cultural practices like nutrition, maturity, growth regulator spraying etc and also post harvest curing would extend shelf life of onion bulbs. Onion storage in ventilation condition is satisfactory when the temperature is maintained between 25oC to 30oC with a relative humidity 65 to 70 per cent.

REFERENCES

  1. Abdallah, A.A. and Mann, L.K. (2000). Bulb development in the onion (Allium cepa L.) and the effect of storage temperature and bulb rest. Agricultural Sciences, 26: 56-61.
  2. Abrameto, M. A., Ardizzi, C. M., Gill, M, I. and Molina, L. M. (2010). A Analysis of methodologies for the study of composition and biochemical carbohydrate changes in harvest and postharvest onion bulbs. Int. J. of Experimental Botany, 79: 123-132.
  3. Admicki, F. (1998). Biuletyn warzy wniczy, 48: 89- 100.
  4. Anonymous, (2011a). Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Vision 2030, Rajguru Nagar, Pune.
  5. Anonymous, (2011b). Directorate of Horticulture, Orissa, Bhubaneshawar, Project proposal on “onion storage structure” under the scheme RKVY/NADP.
  6. Barakade, A. J. (2011). Economics of rabi onion marketing in Satara district: Problems and prospects. Indian Streams Research, J., 1(9) 11pp.1-4.
  7. Benkeblia, N. and Shiomi, N. (2004). Chilling effect on soluble sugars, respiration rate, total phenolics, peroxidase activity and dormancy of onion bulbs. Scientific Agriculture, 61: 281-285.
  8. Benkeblia, N., Varoquaux, P., Gouble, B. and Selselet, G. (2000). Respiratory parameters of onion bulbs (Allium cepa) during storage. J. Science and Food Agriculture, 80: 1772–1778.
  9. Bhagchandani, P.M., Netrapal, Singh, N. and Choudhary, B. (1980) White onion for dehydration. Indian Horticulture, 24:2.
  10. Block, E. (1992). The organosulfur chemistry of the genus Allium. Implications for the organic chemistry of sulfur. Angewandte Chemie, Int. Education Engineering, 31: 1135-1178.
  11. Brewster, J.L. (1977). The physiology of the onion. Horticulture Abstracts, 47: 103–112.
  12. Charanjit, K., Joshi, S. and Kapoor. H. C. (2009). Antioxidants in onion (allium cepa ) cultivars grown in India , J. Food Biochemistry , 33(2)184–200.
  13. Chope, G.A., Terry, L. and White, P. (2006). Effect of controlled atmosphere climates. In: H.D. Rabinowitch and J.L. Brewster (eds), pp. 31-48.
  14. Chope, G.A., Terry, L. and White, P. (2007). The effect of the transition between controlled atmosphere and regular atmosphere storage on bulbs of onion cultivars SS1, Carlos and Renate. Biological Technol, 44: 228-239.
  15. Corgan, J.N. and Kedar, N. (1990) Onion Cultivation in Subtropical Climates, CRC Press. Boca Raton, 2:31-48
  16. Crowther, T., Collin, H.A., Smith, B., Tomsett, A.B., O’Connor, D. and Jones, M.G. (2005) Assessment of the flavour of fresh uncooked onions by taste panels and analysis of flavour precursors, pyruvate and sugars. J. Science Food Agriculture, 85: 112–120.
  17. Darbyshire, B. (1978). Changes in the carbohydrate content of onion bulbs stored for various times at different temperatures. J. of Horticulture Science, 53:195–201.
  18. Darbyshire, B. and Henry, R. J. (1979). The association of fructans with high percentage dry weight in onion cultivars suitable for dehydrating. J. Science Food Agriculture, 30:1035–1038.
  19. Darbyshire, B. and Henry, R. J. (1981). Differences in fructan content and synthesis in some Allium species. New Phytology , 87:249-256.
  20. Ernst, M.K., Chatterton, N.J., Harrison, P.A. and Matitschka, G. (1998) Characterization of fructan oligomers from species of the genus Allium L. J. Plant Physiology, 153: 53–60.
  21. Ernst, M.K., Praeger, U. and Weichmann, J. (2003). Effect of low oxygen storage on carbohydrate changes in onion (Allium cepa var. cepa) bulbs. Eurupean J. Horticultural Science, 68: 59–62.
  22. Gallina, P.M., Giovanni, C., Alessandro, M. and Alessandro, N. (2012). Changes in the pyruvic acid content correlates with phenotype traits in onion clones. Australian J. Crop Science, 6 (1): 36-40.
  23. Gemma, A., Chope., Cools., John, P., Hammond., Andrew, J., Thompson. and Leon A. (2012). Physiological, biochemical and transcriptional analysis of onion bulbs. Annals Botany, 109: 819–831.
  24. Ghulam, N., Abdur, Rabi., Muhammad, Sajid., Farhatullah. and Imran, Ali. (2013). Influence of curing methods and storage conditions on the post-harvest quality of onion bulbs. Pakistan J. Botany, 45(2): 455-460.
  25. Gubb, I.R. and MacTavish, H.S. (2002). Allium crop science: Recent Advances, Onion pre- and postharvest considerations, ed. by Ravinowitch, H.D. and Currah, CABI Publishing. Wallingford, Oxon: p. 233-265.
  26. Hansen, S. L. (1998). Do changes in chemical composition during storage of raw onions (Allium cepa) influence the quality of deep fat fried onions. In Athenaeum Press, Gateshead, pp. 138–141.
  27. Horbowicz, M. and Grzegewska, M. (2000). Folia Horticulture, 12:65-75
  28. Hurst, W.C., Shewfelt, R.L. and Schuler, G.A. (1985). Shelf-life and quality changes in summer storage onions (Allium cepa). J. Food Science, 50: 761–763.
  29. Katherine D., Gemma, A., Chope. and Leon, A. (2009a). Postharvest application of ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene either before or after curing affects onion (Allium cepa L.) bulb quality during long term cold storage. Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.
  30. Katherine, D, Gemma, A. Chope. and Leon, A. T. (2009b). Effect of curing at different temperatures on biochemical composition of onion (Allium cepa L.) skin from three freshly cured and cold stored UK-grown onion cultivars. Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK http:dx. doi.org.10.1016/j.postharvbio
  31. Kopsell, D. and Randle, W.M. (1997). Onion cultivars differ in pungency and bulb quality changes during storage. Horticulture Sciences, 32: 1260-1263.
  32. Kopsell, D.E., Randle, W.M. and Eiteman, M.A. (1999). Changes in the S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxides and their biosynthetic intermediates during onion storage. J. American Society Horticultural Sciences, 124: 177–183.
  33. Kukanur, L. (2005). Post – harvest studies in onion Cv. N-53. Ph.D. (Hort.) Thesis, Univ. Agric. Sci., Dharwad.
  34. Lancaster, J.E. and Boland, M. J. (1990). Flavor Biochemistry.. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 3: 251-258.
  35. Laura, G., Cherubino, L., Fabrizio, E., Monica, S., Giuseppe., Quaglia. and Vincenzo F. (2009). Flavonoid and carbohydrate contents in Tropea Red Onions: Effects of homelike peeling and storage. J. Agricultural Food Chemistry, 50 (7), pp 1904–1910.
  36. Laura, J., María, A., Martín, Esperanza, Francisco, J., López. and Rosa M. (2001). Effect of Storage on Fructan and Fructooligosaccharide of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. J. of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 49 (2), pp 982–988.
  37. Lawande, K.E., Anil Khar, V., Mahajan, P.S., Srinivas, V. Sankar. and Singh, R.P. (2009).Onion and garlic research in India. Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research Rajgurunagar, Pune, Maharashtra -410505, Indian J. of Horticultural Sciences, 4 (2): 91-119.
  38. Mahadevaswamy, K.L. (1984) Studies on the simple storage techniques for onion cv. Ballary red with pre-harvest treatment of maleic hydrazide. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore.
  39. Matsubara, S. and Kimura, I. (1991). Changes of ABA content during bulbing and dormancy and in vitro bulbing in onion plants. J. Japanese Society Horticultural Sciences, 59: 757–762.
  40. Maude, R.B., Shipway, M.R., Presly, A.H. and O’Connor D. (1984), The effects of direct harvesting and drying systems on the incidence and control of neck rot (Botrytis allii) in onions. Plant Pathology, 33: 263–268.
  41. Musa, K., Habish, H. A., Abdalla. A. A. and Adlan, B. (1973). Problems of onion storage in Sudan. Tropical Science, 15:319- 327.
  42. O’Donoghue, E.M., Somerfield, S.D., Shaw, M., Bendall, M., Hedderly, D., Eason, J. and Sims, I. (2004). Evaluation of carbohydrates in Pukekohe Longkeeper and Grano cultivars of Allium cepa. J. of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 52: 5383–5390.
  43. Pak, C., Vanderplas, L.H.W. and Deboer, A.D. (1995) Importance of dormancy and sink strength in sprouting of onions (Allium cepa) during storage. Physiology of Plant, 94: 277–283.
  44. Pozzo, A. M. C., Pellejero,G. M.I., Gil, G. Aschkar, M.A., Abrameto, R. R. and Van, A. (2008). Valoración de la severidad y la incidencia de Aspergillus Niger. XXXI Congreso Argentino de Horticultura, Mar del Plata.
  45. Randle, W. M. (1992). Onion germplasm interacts with sulfur fertility for plant sulfur utilization and bulb pungency. Euphytica, 59: 151–156.
  46. Randle, W.M. and Bussard, M. L. (1993). Streamlining onion pungency analysis. Horticultural Science, 20: 221-226.
  47. Rutherford, P. P. and Whittle, R. (1982). The carbohydrate composition of onions during long term cold storage. J. of Horticultural Science, 57: 349–356.
  48. Saimbhi, M.S. and Randhawa, K.S. (1982). Losses in white onion variety Punjab-48 under ordinary storage conditions as influenced by bulb size. J. of Research India, 19:188-190.
  49. Schwimmer, S. and Weston, W.J. (1961). Enzymatic development of pyruvic acid in onion as a measure of pungency. J. Agricultural Food Chemistry, 9: 301–304.
  50. Selvaraj, S. (1976). Onion: Queen of the kitchen. Kisan World, 3 (12): 32-34.
  51. Siddiqui, S. and Gupta, O.P. (1990). Evaluation of new energy cool chamber for storage storage on abscisic acid concentration and other biochemical. In: Onions and Allied Crops. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla, 2: 132-146.
  52. Sidhu, A. S. (2008). Storage potential of some onion and garlic cultivars: A comparative evaluation. Indian J. of Horticulture, 65 (3): 347-348.
  53. Sinclair, P.J., Neeson, R.J. and Barlow, E.W.R. (1995). Osmotic potential and soluble solids concentration in onion (Allium cepa) bulbs. J. Science Food Agriculture, 69: 211–214.
  54. Suzuki, M. and Cutliffe, J. A. (1989). Fructans in onion bulbs in relation to storage life. Canadian J. Plant Science, 69: 1327-1333.
  55. Tekalign, T., Abdissa, Y. and Pant, L.M. (2012). Growth, bulb yield and quality of onion (Allium cepa L.) as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on vertisol. II: Bulb quality and storability. African J. of Agricultural Research, 7 (45), pp. 5880 -5985.
  56. Timothy, W, C., William, M. R. and Louise W. (2008). Structural and chemical differences in the cell wall regions in relation to scale firmness of three onion (Allium cepa L.) selections at harvest and during storage. J. Science Food and Agriculture, 88 (7) 1277–1286.
  57. Waskar, D.P., Gaikwad, R.S., Damame, S.V. and Masalkar, S.D. (2004). Effect of pre-harvest sprays of growth regulators and fungicides on storage of onion. National Horticultural Research and Development Foundation Newsletter, 24(4): 6-8.
  58. Yamazaki, H., Nishijima, T., Koshioka, M. and Miura, H. (2002). Gibberellins do not act against abscisic acid in the regulation of bulb dormancy of Allium wakegi Araki. Plant Growth Regulator, 36: 223– 229.
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    volume 35 issue 3 (september 2014) : 225-232,   Doi: 10.5958/0976-0741.2014.00909.X

    PHYSIO-CHEMICAL CHANGES DURING POST HARVEST HANDLING OF ONION (Allium cepa L.)–A REVIEW

    S
    Shivakumar*
    C
    Chandrashekar S.Y.
    1K.R.C. College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, Gokak tq., Belgaum-591 218, India
    Cite article:- Shivakumar*, S.Y. Chandrashekar (2025). PHYSIO-CHEMICAL CHANGES DURING POST HARVEST HANDLING OF ONION (Allium cepa L.)–A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 35(3): 225-232. doi: 10.5958/0976-0741.2014.00909.X.

    ABSTRACT

    Harvested onion bulbs under goes several physio-chemical changes like increase in respiration, physiological loss in weight (PLW), rotting and sprouting. Chemical changes in stored of onions include dry matter content, pungency, abscisic acid and fructans concentration. The seasonal differences were observed in the weight of the onions, dry matter content, glucose and total carbohydrates. Even some of  the pre-harvest cultural practices like nutrition, maturity, growth regulator spraying etc and also post harvest curing would extend shelf life of onion bulbs. Onion storage in ventilation condition is satisfactory when the temperature is maintained between 25oC to 30oC with a relative humidity 65 to 70 per cent.

    REFERENCES

    1. Abdallah, A.A. and Mann, L.K. (2000). Bulb development in the onion (Allium cepa L.) and the effect of storage temperature and bulb rest. Agricultural Sciences, 26: 56-61.
    2. Abrameto, M. A., Ardizzi, C. M., Gill, M, I. and Molina, L. M. (2010). A Analysis of methodologies for the study of composition and biochemical carbohydrate changes in harvest and postharvest onion bulbs. Int. J. of Experimental Botany, 79: 123-132.
    3. Admicki, F. (1998). Biuletyn warzy wniczy, 48: 89- 100.
    4. Anonymous, (2011a). Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Vision 2030, Rajguru Nagar, Pune.
    5. Anonymous, (2011b). Directorate of Horticulture, Orissa, Bhubaneshawar, Project proposal on “onion storage structure” under the scheme RKVY/NADP.
    6. Barakade, A. J. (2011). Economics of rabi onion marketing in Satara district: Problems and prospects. Indian Streams Research, J., 1(9) 11pp.1-4.
    7. Benkeblia, N. and Shiomi, N. (2004). Chilling effect on soluble sugars, respiration rate, total phenolics, peroxidase activity and dormancy of onion bulbs. Scientific Agriculture, 61: 281-285.
    8. Benkeblia, N., Varoquaux, P., Gouble, B. and Selselet, G. (2000). Respiratory parameters of onion bulbs (Allium cepa) during storage. J. Science and Food Agriculture, 80: 1772–1778.
    9. Bhagchandani, P.M., Netrapal, Singh, N. and Choudhary, B. (1980) White onion for dehydration. Indian Horticulture, 24:2.
    10. Block, E. (1992). The organosulfur chemistry of the genus Allium. Implications for the organic chemistry of sulfur. Angewandte Chemie, Int. Education Engineering, 31: 1135-1178.
    11. Brewster, J.L. (1977). The physiology of the onion. Horticulture Abstracts, 47: 103–112.
    12. Charanjit, K., Joshi, S. and Kapoor. H. C. (2009). Antioxidants in onion (allium cepa ) cultivars grown in India , J. Food Biochemistry , 33(2)184–200.
    13. Chope, G.A., Terry, L. and White, P. (2006). Effect of controlled atmosphere climates. In: H.D. Rabinowitch and J.L. Brewster (eds), pp. 31-48.
    14. Chope, G.A., Terry, L. and White, P. (2007). The effect of the transition between controlled atmosphere and regular atmosphere storage on bulbs of onion cultivars SS1, Carlos and Renate. Biological Technol, 44: 228-239.
    15. Corgan, J.N. and Kedar, N. (1990) Onion Cultivation in Subtropical Climates, CRC Press. Boca Raton, 2:31-48
    16. Crowther, T., Collin, H.A., Smith, B., Tomsett, A.B., O’Connor, D. and Jones, M.G. (2005) Assessment of the flavour of fresh uncooked onions by taste panels and analysis of flavour precursors, pyruvate and sugars. J. Science Food Agriculture, 85: 112–120.
    17. Darbyshire, B. (1978). Changes in the carbohydrate content of onion bulbs stored for various times at different temperatures. J. of Horticulture Science, 53:195–201.
    18. Darbyshire, B. and Henry, R. J. (1979). The association of fructans with high percentage dry weight in onion cultivars suitable for dehydrating. J. Science Food Agriculture, 30:1035–1038.
    19. Darbyshire, B. and Henry, R. J. (1981). Differences in fructan content and synthesis in some Allium species. New Phytology , 87:249-256.
    20. Ernst, M.K., Chatterton, N.J., Harrison, P.A. and Matitschka, G. (1998) Characterization of fructan oligomers from species of the genus Allium L. J. Plant Physiology, 153: 53–60.
    21. Ernst, M.K., Praeger, U. and Weichmann, J. (2003). Effect of low oxygen storage on carbohydrate changes in onion (Allium cepa var. cepa) bulbs. Eurupean J. Horticultural Science, 68: 59–62.
    22. Gallina, P.M., Giovanni, C., Alessandro, M. and Alessandro, N. (2012). Changes in the pyruvic acid content correlates with phenotype traits in onion clones. Australian J. Crop Science, 6 (1): 36-40.
    23. Gemma, A., Chope., Cools., John, P., Hammond., Andrew, J., Thompson. and Leon A. (2012). Physiological, biochemical and transcriptional analysis of onion bulbs. Annals Botany, 109: 819–831.
    24. Ghulam, N., Abdur, Rabi., Muhammad, Sajid., Farhatullah. and Imran, Ali. (2013). Influence of curing methods and storage conditions on the post-harvest quality of onion bulbs. Pakistan J. Botany, 45(2): 455-460.
    25. Gubb, I.R. and MacTavish, H.S. (2002). Allium crop science: Recent Advances, Onion pre- and postharvest considerations, ed. by Ravinowitch, H.D. and Currah, CABI Publishing. Wallingford, Oxon: p. 233-265.
    26. Hansen, S. L. (1998). Do changes in chemical composition during storage of raw onions (Allium cepa) influence the quality of deep fat fried onions. In Athenaeum Press, Gateshead, pp. 138–141.
    27. Horbowicz, M. and Grzegewska, M. (2000). Folia Horticulture, 12:65-75
    28. Hurst, W.C., Shewfelt, R.L. and Schuler, G.A. (1985). Shelf-life and quality changes in summer storage onions (Allium cepa). J. Food Science, 50: 761–763.
    29. Katherine D., Gemma, A., Chope. and Leon, A. (2009a). Postharvest application of ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene either before or after curing affects onion (Allium cepa L.) bulb quality during long term cold storage. Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.
    30. Katherine, D, Gemma, A. Chope. and Leon, A. T. (2009b). Effect of curing at different temperatures on biochemical composition of onion (Allium cepa L.) skin from three freshly cured and cold stored UK-grown onion cultivars. Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK http:dx. doi.org.10.1016/j.postharvbio
    31. Kopsell, D. and Randle, W.M. (1997). Onion cultivars differ in pungency and bulb quality changes during storage. Horticulture Sciences, 32: 1260-1263.
    32. Kopsell, D.E., Randle, W.M. and Eiteman, M.A. (1999). Changes in the S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxides and their biosynthetic intermediates during onion storage. J. American Society Horticultural Sciences, 124: 177–183.
    33. Kukanur, L. (2005). Post – harvest studies in onion Cv. N-53. Ph.D. (Hort.) Thesis, Univ. Agric. Sci., Dharwad.
    34. Lancaster, J.E. and Boland, M. J. (1990). Flavor Biochemistry.. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 3: 251-258.
    35. Laura, G., Cherubino, L., Fabrizio, E., Monica, S., Giuseppe., Quaglia. and Vincenzo F. (2009). Flavonoid and carbohydrate contents in Tropea Red Onions: Effects of homelike peeling and storage. J. Agricultural Food Chemistry, 50 (7), pp 1904–1910.
    36. Laura, J., María, A., Martín, Esperanza, Francisco, J., López. and Rosa M. (2001). Effect of Storage on Fructan and Fructooligosaccharide of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. J. of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 49 (2), pp 982–988.
    37. Lawande, K.E., Anil Khar, V., Mahajan, P.S., Srinivas, V. Sankar. and Singh, R.P. (2009).Onion and garlic research in India. Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research Rajgurunagar, Pune, Maharashtra -410505, Indian J. of Horticultural Sciences, 4 (2): 91-119.
    38. Mahadevaswamy, K.L. (1984) Studies on the simple storage techniques for onion cv. Ballary red with pre-harvest treatment of maleic hydrazide. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore.
    39. Matsubara, S. and Kimura, I. (1991). Changes of ABA content during bulbing and dormancy and in vitro bulbing in onion plants. J. Japanese Society Horticultural Sciences, 59: 757–762.
    40. Maude, R.B., Shipway, M.R., Presly, A.H. and O’Connor D. (1984), The effects of direct harvesting and drying systems on the incidence and control of neck rot (Botrytis allii) in onions. Plant Pathology, 33: 263–268.
    41. Musa, K., Habish, H. A., Abdalla. A. A. and Adlan, B. (1973). Problems of onion storage in Sudan. Tropical Science, 15:319- 327.
    42. O’Donoghue, E.M., Somerfield, S.D., Shaw, M., Bendall, M., Hedderly, D., Eason, J. and Sims, I. (2004). Evaluation of carbohydrates in Pukekohe Longkeeper and Grano cultivars of Allium cepa. J. of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 52: 5383–5390.
    43. Pak, C., Vanderplas, L.H.W. and Deboer, A.D. (1995) Importance of dormancy and sink strength in sprouting of onions (Allium cepa) during storage. Physiology of Plant, 94: 277–283.
    44. Pozzo, A. M. C., Pellejero,G. M.I., Gil, G. Aschkar, M.A., Abrameto, R. R. and Van, A. (2008). Valoración de la severidad y la incidencia de Aspergillus Niger. XXXI Congreso Argentino de Horticultura, Mar del Plata.
    45. Randle, W. M. (1992). Onion germplasm interacts with sulfur fertility for plant sulfur utilization and bulb pungency. Euphytica, 59: 151–156.
    46. Randle, W.M. and Bussard, M. L. (1993). Streamlining onion pungency analysis. Horticultural Science, 20: 221-226.
    47. Rutherford, P. P. and Whittle, R. (1982). The carbohydrate composition of onions during long term cold storage. J. of Horticultural Science, 57: 349–356.
    48. Saimbhi, M.S. and Randhawa, K.S. (1982). Losses in white onion variety Punjab-48 under ordinary storage conditions as influenced by bulb size. J. of Research India, 19:188-190.
    49. Schwimmer, S. and Weston, W.J. (1961). Enzymatic development of pyruvic acid in onion as a measure of pungency. J. Agricultural Food Chemistry, 9: 301–304.
    50. Selvaraj, S. (1976). Onion: Queen of the kitchen. Kisan World, 3 (12): 32-34.
    51. Siddiqui, S. and Gupta, O.P. (1990). Evaluation of new energy cool chamber for storage storage on abscisic acid concentration and other biochemical. In: Onions and Allied Crops. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla, 2: 132-146.
    52. Sidhu, A. S. (2008). Storage potential of some onion and garlic cultivars: A comparative evaluation. Indian J. of Horticulture, 65 (3): 347-348.
    53. Sinclair, P.J., Neeson, R.J. and Barlow, E.W.R. (1995). Osmotic potential and soluble solids concentration in onion (Allium cepa) bulbs. J. Science Food Agriculture, 69: 211–214.
    54. Suzuki, M. and Cutliffe, J. A. (1989). Fructans in onion bulbs in relation to storage life. Canadian J. Plant Science, 69: 1327-1333.
    55. Tekalign, T., Abdissa, Y. and Pant, L.M. (2012). Growth, bulb yield and quality of onion (Allium cepa L.) as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on vertisol. II: Bulb quality and storability. African J. of Agricultural Research, 7 (45), pp. 5880 -5985.
    56. Timothy, W, C., William, M. R. and Louise W. (2008). Structural and chemical differences in the cell wall regions in relation to scale firmness of three onion (Allium cepa L.) selections at harvest and during storage. J. Science Food and Agriculture, 88 (7) 1277–1286.
    57. Waskar, D.P., Gaikwad, R.S., Damame, S.V. and Masalkar, S.D. (2004). Effect of pre-harvest sprays of growth regulators and fungicides on storage of onion. National Horticultural Research and Development Foundation Newsletter, 24(4): 6-8.
    58. Yamazaki, H., Nishijima, T., Koshioka, M. and Miura, H. (2002). Gibberellins do not act against abscisic acid in the regulation of bulb dormancy of Allium wakegi Araki. Plant Growth Regulator, 36: 223– 229.
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