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volume 35 issue 3 (september 2014) : 207-215,   Doi: 10.5958/0976-0741.2014.00907.6

TRITROPHY- A NEW DIMENSION IN IPM - A REVIEW

K
K. Kavitha
K
K. Dharma Reddy
1Regional Agricultural Research Station, ANGRAU, Palem-509215, India
Cite article:- Kavitha K., Reddy Dharma K. (2025). TRITROPHY- A NEW DIMENSION IN IPM - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 35(3): 207-215. doi: 10.5958/0976-0741.2014.00907.6.

ABSTRACT

A broad understanding of the various level of interaction taking place between plants – herbivores and their natural enemies is very much important for the development of biological control methods which not only yields fruitful results in pest suppression but also encourage the abundance and effectiveness of entomophagous insect guild in natural ecosystem. The use of allelochemicals to manipulate entomophagous insects and to improve their performance in cropping systems holds great promise for biological control programmes and integrated pest management strategies. Therefore, sufficient data on crop wise study on tritrophic interactions may even enable us to have resistant crops with allelochemicals. These chemicals increase entomophagous insect activity leading to the co-existence of chemical resistance of host plants and biological control. Therefore, tritrophic studies involving host plant, herbivore and natural enemy interactions are important and could give rise to significant advances in future biological control programmes and integrated pest management strategies.

REFERENCES

  1. Andow D A (1991) Vegetational diversity and arthropod population response. Annual Review of Entomology
  2. 20 : 1228 – 1235.
  3. Barbosa P, Saunders J A, Kemper J, Trumbule R, Olechono I and Martinat P (1986) Plant allelochemicals and insect parasitoids the effects of nicotine on Cotesia congregata (Say) and Hyposter annulipes (Coresson). J. Chem. Ecol. 12 : 1319 – 1328.
  4. Boethel D J and Eikenbery R D (1986) Interactions of plant resistance and parasitoids and predators of insects. (John Wiley & Sons, New York).
  5. Brar D S and Khush G S (1993) Application of biotechnology in Integrated Pest Management. Journal of Insect Science 6 : 7 – 14.
  6. Brower L P (1969) Ecological chemistry Sci. Am 220 (2) : 22 – 29.
  7. Chari M S, Rao R S N, Sreedhar U and Mushini S N (1994) A study of interaction of polyphagous pest, Spodoptera litura and its natural enemies with different host plants in the tobacco ecosystem in Andhra Pradesh, Biological Control of Insect Pests . pp 17-24.
  8. Chilcutt C.F. and Tabashnik B E (1997) Host-mediated competition between the pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis and the parasitoid Cotesia plutellae of the diamond back moth (Lepidoptera : Plutellidae). Environmental Entomology 26, 38 – 45.
  9. Farrar R R Jr., Barbour J D and Kennedy G.G (1994) Field evaluation of insect resistance in a wild tomato and its effects on insect parasitoids. Entomol. Exp. Appli. 71 : 211 – 226.
  10. Feeny P (1976) Plant apparency and chemical defense In (Wallace J W and Mansell R L) (Eds) Biochemical Interactions Between Plants and Insects. New York, Plenum Press pp 1-40.
  11. Haukioja E (1980) On the role of plant defences in the fluctation of herbivore populations. Oikos 34, 202 – 213.
  12. Hu J S and Chen C M (1987) A study of the host searching kariomone of Apanteles cypris. Acta Entomologica sinica
  13. 30 : 31 – 40.
  14. Karbon R and Baldwin I T (1997) Induced Response to Herbivory. University of Chicago Press, chirago.
  15. Hare, D.J. (1992) Effect plant variations on herbivore enemy interoction. In: Plant Resistance to herbivore and pathogens. [Fritz, R.S. and Simms, E.L. (eds)]. University of Chirago press USA. 278-298 pp.
  16. Lewis W.J, Jones R.L and Sparks A.N (1972) A host-seeking stimulant for the egg parasite Trichogramma evanescens : Its source and a demonstration of its laboratory and field activity. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 65 : 1087-1089.
  17. Mensah R K and Khan M (1997) Use of Medicago sativa (L.) interplantings trap crops in the management of the green mirid, Creontiades dilutus (Stal) in commercial cotton in
  18. Nordlund D A, Chalfant R B and Lewis W.J (1984) Arthropod populations, yield and damage in monoculture and polycultures of corn, beans and tomatoes. Agric. Ecosystems Environ. 11: 353 – 367.
  19. Pats P, Ekbom B and Skovgard H (1997) Influence of intercropping on the abundance, distribution and parasitism of Chilo Spp. (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae). Bulletein of Entomological Research 87 : 507 – 513.
  20. Picard F and Rabaud E (1914) Sur le paraasitisme externe des braconides (Hym.). Bull. Soc. Ent. France 14 : 266 – 269.
  21. Pimentel D (1961) An evaluation of insect resistance in broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, collaros and Kale. J. Econ. Entomol 54 : 156 – 158.
  22. Price P.W (1986) Ecological aspects of host plant resistance and biological control. Interactions among three trophic levels In Interactions of plant resistance and parasitoids and predators of insects D.J. Boethal and R.D. Eikenbary Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester, England pp 11-30.
  23. Price P W, Bouton C E, Gross P, McPheron B A, Thompson J N and Weis A.E. (1980) Interaction among three trophic levels : Influence of plants or interactions between insect herbivores and natural enemies. Annual Review of Ecology Syst. 11 : 41 – 65.
  24. Read D.P, Feeny P.P. and Root R.B. (1970) Habitat selection by the aphid parasite Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) and hyperparasite Charips brassicae Canadian Entomologist 102 : 1567 – 1578.
  25. Rhoades D.E. (1983) Responses of alder and willow to attack by tent caterpillars and webworms : evidence for pheromonal sensitivity of willows. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 208 : 55 – 68.
  26. Root R.B. (1975) Organization of plant arthropod association in simple and diverse habitat. The fauna of collards (Brassica oleracea). Ecological Monograph 43 : 95 – 124.
  27. Russel E.P. (1989) Enemies hypothesis : A review of the effect of vegetaional diversity on predatory insects and parasitoids. Environmental Entomology 18 : 590 – 599.
  28. Stray P. (1970) Biology of aphid parasites (Hymenoptera : Aphidiidae) with respect to integrated control The Hague Dr. W. Junk, N.V. 643 pp.
  29. Turlings T C J, McCall P J, Alborn H T and Tumlinson J H (1993) An elicitor in caterpillar oral secretions thati nduces corn seedlings to emit chemical signals attractive to parasitic wasps. Journ. Chem. Ecol. 19 : 411 – 425.
  30. Turlings T C J, Tomilson J H Bilter F J and Lewis W J (1991) A larval damaged plants : source of volatile synomones that guide that parasitoid Cotesia marginiventrsi to the macro habitat of its host. Entomologia experimentalis at Applicata 58 : 75 – 82.
  31. Turlings T C J, Tumlinson J H and Lewis W J (1990) Exploitatin of herbivore-induced plant odors by host-seeking parasitic wasps. Science 250 : 1251 – 1253.
  32. Van Emden H F (1995) Host plant Aphidophaga interactions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 52: 3 – 11.
  33. Van Emden H F (1989) Pest control 2nd Edn. London, Edward Arnold 117 pp.
  34. Verkerk R H J (1995) Studies on interactions between diamondback moth, host plants, endolarval parasitoids and selective toxicants. Ph.D. thesis, University of London.
  35. Vet L E M and Dicke M (1992) Ecology of infochemical use by natural enemies in a tritrophic context. Annul Review of Entomology 37, 141 – 172
  36. Vet L E, Wackers F L and Dicke M (1991) How to hunt for hiding hosts : the reliability detectability problem in foraging parasitoids. Netherlands Jour. Zool 41 : 202 – 203.
  37. Vinson S B (1980) Parasite-host relationships. In Chemical Ecology of Insects W J Bell and R T Corde (Eds). (Chapman & Hall, London) pp. 205 – 233.
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    volume 35 issue 3 (september 2014) : 207-215,   Doi: 10.5958/0976-0741.2014.00907.6

    TRITROPHY- A NEW DIMENSION IN IPM - A REVIEW

    K
    K. Kavitha
    K
    K. Dharma Reddy
    1Regional Agricultural Research Station, ANGRAU, Palem-509215, India
    Cite article:- Kavitha K., Reddy Dharma K. (2025). TRITROPHY- A NEW DIMENSION IN IPM - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 35(3): 207-215. doi: 10.5958/0976-0741.2014.00907.6.

    ABSTRACT

    A broad understanding of the various level of interaction taking place between plants – herbivores and their natural enemies is very much important for the development of biological control methods which not only yields fruitful results in pest suppression but also encourage the abundance and effectiveness of entomophagous insect guild in natural ecosystem. The use of allelochemicals to manipulate entomophagous insects and to improve their performance in cropping systems holds great promise for biological control programmes and integrated pest management strategies. Therefore, sufficient data on crop wise study on tritrophic interactions may even enable us to have resistant crops with allelochemicals. These chemicals increase entomophagous insect activity leading to the co-existence of chemical resistance of host plants and biological control. Therefore, tritrophic studies involving host plant, herbivore and natural enemy interactions are important and could give rise to significant advances in future biological control programmes and integrated pest management strategies.

    REFERENCES

    1. Andow D A (1991) Vegetational diversity and arthropod population response. Annual Review of Entomology
    2. 20 : 1228 – 1235.
    3. Barbosa P, Saunders J A, Kemper J, Trumbule R, Olechono I and Martinat P (1986) Plant allelochemicals and insect parasitoids the effects of nicotine on Cotesia congregata (Say) and Hyposter annulipes (Coresson). J. Chem. Ecol. 12 : 1319 – 1328.
    4. Boethel D J and Eikenbery R D (1986) Interactions of plant resistance and parasitoids and predators of insects. (John Wiley & Sons, New York).
    5. Brar D S and Khush G S (1993) Application of biotechnology in Integrated Pest Management. Journal of Insect Science 6 : 7 – 14.
    6. Brower L P (1969) Ecological chemistry Sci. Am 220 (2) : 22 – 29.
    7. Chari M S, Rao R S N, Sreedhar U and Mushini S N (1994) A study of interaction of polyphagous pest, Spodoptera litura and its natural enemies with different host plants in the tobacco ecosystem in Andhra Pradesh, Biological Control of Insect Pests . pp 17-24.
    8. Chilcutt C.F. and Tabashnik B E (1997) Host-mediated competition between the pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis and the parasitoid Cotesia plutellae of the diamond back moth (Lepidoptera : Plutellidae). Environmental Entomology 26, 38 – 45.
    9. Farrar R R Jr., Barbour J D and Kennedy G.G (1994) Field evaluation of insect resistance in a wild tomato and its effects on insect parasitoids. Entomol. Exp. Appli. 71 : 211 – 226.
    10. Feeny P (1976) Plant apparency and chemical defense In (Wallace J W and Mansell R L) (Eds) Biochemical Interactions Between Plants and Insects. New York, Plenum Press pp 1-40.
    11. Haukioja E (1980) On the role of plant defences in the fluctation of herbivore populations. Oikos 34, 202 – 213.
    12. Hu J S and Chen C M (1987) A study of the host searching kariomone of Apanteles cypris. Acta Entomologica sinica
    13. 30 : 31 – 40.
    14. Karbon R and Baldwin I T (1997) Induced Response to Herbivory. University of Chicago Press, chirago.
    15. Hare, D.J. (1992) Effect plant variations on herbivore enemy interoction. In: Plant Resistance to herbivore and pathogens. [Fritz, R.S. and Simms, E.L. (eds)]. University of Chirago press USA. 278-298 pp.
    16. Lewis W.J, Jones R.L and Sparks A.N (1972) A host-seeking stimulant for the egg parasite Trichogramma evanescens : Its source and a demonstration of its laboratory and field activity. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 65 : 1087-1089.
    17. Mensah R K and Khan M (1997) Use of Medicago sativa (L.) interplantings trap crops in the management of the green mirid, Creontiades dilutus (Stal) in commercial cotton in
    18. Nordlund D A, Chalfant R B and Lewis W.J (1984) Arthropod populations, yield and damage in monoculture and polycultures of corn, beans and tomatoes. Agric. Ecosystems Environ. 11: 353 – 367.
    19. Pats P, Ekbom B and Skovgard H (1997) Influence of intercropping on the abundance, distribution and parasitism of Chilo Spp. (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae). Bulletein of Entomological Research 87 : 507 – 513.
    20. Picard F and Rabaud E (1914) Sur le paraasitisme externe des braconides (Hym.). Bull. Soc. Ent. France 14 : 266 – 269.
    21. Pimentel D (1961) An evaluation of insect resistance in broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, collaros and Kale. J. Econ. Entomol 54 : 156 – 158.
    22. Price P.W (1986) Ecological aspects of host plant resistance and biological control. Interactions among three trophic levels In Interactions of plant resistance and parasitoids and predators of insects D.J. Boethal and R.D. Eikenbary Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester, England pp 11-30.
    23. Price P W, Bouton C E, Gross P, McPheron B A, Thompson J N and Weis A.E. (1980) Interaction among three trophic levels : Influence of plants or interactions between insect herbivores and natural enemies. Annual Review of Ecology Syst. 11 : 41 – 65.
    24. Read D.P, Feeny P.P. and Root R.B. (1970) Habitat selection by the aphid parasite Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) and hyperparasite Charips brassicae Canadian Entomologist 102 : 1567 – 1578.
    25. Rhoades D.E. (1983) Responses of alder and willow to attack by tent caterpillars and webworms : evidence for pheromonal sensitivity of willows. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 208 : 55 – 68.
    26. Root R.B. (1975) Organization of plant arthropod association in simple and diverse habitat. The fauna of collards (Brassica oleracea). Ecological Monograph 43 : 95 – 124.
    27. Russel E.P. (1989) Enemies hypothesis : A review of the effect of vegetaional diversity on predatory insects and parasitoids. Environmental Entomology 18 : 590 – 599.
    28. Stray P. (1970) Biology of aphid parasites (Hymenoptera : Aphidiidae) with respect to integrated control The Hague Dr. W. Junk, N.V. 643 pp.
    29. Turlings T C J, McCall P J, Alborn H T and Tumlinson J H (1993) An elicitor in caterpillar oral secretions thati nduces corn seedlings to emit chemical signals attractive to parasitic wasps. Journ. Chem. Ecol. 19 : 411 – 425.
    30. Turlings T C J, Tomilson J H Bilter F J and Lewis W J (1991) A larval damaged plants : source of volatile synomones that guide that parasitoid Cotesia marginiventrsi to the macro habitat of its host. Entomologia experimentalis at Applicata 58 : 75 – 82.
    31. Turlings T C J, Tumlinson J H and Lewis W J (1990) Exploitatin of herbivore-induced plant odors by host-seeking parasitic wasps. Science 250 : 1251 – 1253.
    32. Van Emden H F (1995) Host plant Aphidophaga interactions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 52: 3 – 11.
    33. Van Emden H F (1989) Pest control 2nd Edn. London, Edward Arnold 117 pp.
    34. Verkerk R H J (1995) Studies on interactions between diamondback moth, host plants, endolarval parasitoids and selective toxicants. Ph.D. thesis, University of London.
    35. Vet L E M and Dicke M (1992) Ecology of infochemical use by natural enemies in a tritrophic context. Annul Review of Entomology 37, 141 – 172
    36. Vet L E, Wackers F L and Dicke M (1991) How to hunt for hiding hosts : the reliability detectability problem in foraging parasitoids. Netherlands Jour. Zool 41 : 202 – 203.
    37. Vinson S B (1980) Parasite-host relationships. In Chemical Ecology of Insects W J Bell and R T Corde (Eds). (Chapman & Hall, London) pp. 205 – 233.
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