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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 32 issue 4 (december 2011) : 310 - 315

DIFFERENTIATION OF GERM CELLS FROM STEM CELLS- A REVIEW

H
H.N. Malik
A
A.K. Singh1
S
S.K. Das2
D
D. Kumar
M
M.K. Jena
S
S.K. Mohapatra J. Choudharay
S
S. Saughandhika
D
D. Malakar
1Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Malik H.N., Singh1 A.K., Das2 S.K., Kumar D., Jena M.K., Choudharay J. Mohapatra S.K., Saughandhika S., Malakar D. (2025). DIFFERENTIATION OF GERM CELLS FROM STEM CELLS- A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 32(4): 310 - 315. doi: .

ABSTRACT

Embryonic stem (ES) cells possess unlimited self-renewal capacity and developmental potential to differentiate into virtually any cell type of an organism. ES cells can differentiate under appropriate in vitro and in vivo conditions into different cell types. Embryonic stem cell–derived gametes could find several applications in animal breeding and assisted reproductive technology. One of the most common causes of male infertility is abnormal germ cell differentiation leading to azoospermia or oligospermia. In females, the most common cause of infertility involves ovulatory dysfunction. The emergence of techniques allowing the in vitro derivation of both germ cells and mature gametes will allow investigations into processes guiding germ cell formation and into academic and therapeutic uses for these fascinating cells. Producing germ cells in vitro would open important new avenues for regenerative medicine, and obtaining alternative sources of pluripotent stem cells is desirable. Advances in stem cell research have opened new perspectives for regenerative and reproductive medicine.

REFERENCES

  1. Ancelin, K., Lange, U.C., Hajkova, P., Schneider, R., Bannister, A.J., Kouzarides, T. and Surani, M.A. (2006). Blimp1 associates with Prmt5 and directs histone arginine methylation in mouse germ cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 8: 623–630.
  2. Aravind, L. and Koonin, E.V. (2000). SAP-a putative DNA-binding motif involved in chromosomal organisation. Trends Biochem. Sci. 25: 112–114.
  3. Brinster, R.L and Zimmermann, J.W. (1994). Spermatogenesis following male germ-cell transplantation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 11298–11302.
  4. Brinster, R.L. (2002). Germline stem cell transplantation and transgenesis. Science 296: 2174–2176.
  5. Brinster, R.L. and Avarbock, M.R. (1994). Germline transmission of donor haplotype following spermatogonial transplantation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 11303–11307.
  6. Chang, D. and Calame, K. (2002). The dynamic expression pattern of B lymphocyte induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) during mouse embryonic development. Mech. Dev. 117: 305–309.
  7. Clark, A.T. and Reijo Pera, R.A. (2006). Modeling human germ cell development with embryonic stem cells. Regen. Med.1: 85–93.
  8. Clark, A.T., Bodnar, M.S, Fox, M., Rodriquez, R.T., Abeyta, M.J., Firpo, M.T. and Pera, R.A. (2004). Spontaneous differentiation of germ cells from human embryonic stem cells in vitro. Hum. Mol.Genet. 13: 727–739.
  9. Collier, B., Gorgoni, B., Loveridge, C., Cooke, H.J. and Gray, N.K. (2005). The DAZL family proteins are PABP-binding proteins that regulate translation in germ cells. E.M.B.O.J. 24: 2656–2666.
  10. De Coppi, P., Bartsch, G. Jr., Siddiqui, M.M., Xu, T., Santos, C.C., Perin, L., Mostoslavsky, G., Serre, A.C., Snyder, E.Y. and Yoo, J.J. (2007). Isolation of amniotic stem cell lines with potential for therapy. Nat. Biotech. 25: 100–106.
  11. Dyce, P.W., Wen, L. and Li, J. (2006). In vitro germline potential of stem cells derived from fetal porcine skin. Nat. Cell Biol. 8: 384–390.
  12. Enders, G.C. and May, J.J. (1994). Developmentally Regulated Expression of a mouse germ cell nuclear antigen examined from embryonic day 11 to adult in male and female mice. Dev. Biol. 163: 331–340.
  13. Geijsen, N., Horoschak, M., Kim, K., Gribnau, J., Eggan, K. and Daley, G.Q. (2004). Derivation of embryonic germ cells and male gametes from embryonic stem cells. Nature 427: 106–107.
  14. Ginsburg, M., Snow, M.H. and McLaren, A. (1990). Primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo during gastrulation. Development 110: 521–528.
  15. Hay, B., Jan, L.Y. and Jan, Y.N. (1990). Localization of vasa, a component of Drosophila polar granules, in maternal effect mutants that alter embryonic anteroposterior polarity. Development 109: 425-433.
  16. Hubner, K., Fuhrmann, G., Christenson, L.K., Kehler, J., Reinbold, R., Fuente, R.D.L., Wood, J., Strauss, J.F. and Boiani, M. (2003). Derivation of oocytes from mouse embryonic stem cells. Science 300: 1251–1256.
  17. Imamura, M., T. Aoi., Tokumasu, A., Mise, N., Abe, N., Yamanaka, S. and Noce, T. (2010). Induction of primordial germ cells from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells derived from adult hepatocytes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77(9): 802-811.
  18. Lacham-Kaplan, O., Chy, H. and Trounson, A. (2006). Testicular cell conditioned medium supports differentiation of embryonic stem cells into ovarian structures containing oocytes. Stem Cells 24: 266–273.
  19. Lange, U.C., Saitou, M., Western, P.S., Barton, S.C. and Surani, M.A. (2003). The fragilis interferon inducible gene family of transmembrane proteins is associated with germ cell specification in mice. B.M.C. Dev. Biol. 3:1.
  20. Lawson, K.A., Dunn, N.R., Roelen, B.A., Zeinstra, L.M., Davis, A.M., Wright, C.V., Korving, J.P., Hogan, B.L. (1999). Bmp4 is required for the generation of primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo. Genes Dev. 13: 424–436.
  21. McGuckin, C.P., Forraz, N., Baradez, M.O., Navran, S., Zhao, J., Urban, R., Tilton. R. and Denner, L. (2005). Production of stem cells with embryonic characteristics from human umbilical cord blood. Cell Prolif. 38: 245–255.
  22. McLaren, A. (2003). Primordial germ cells in the mouse. Dev. Biol. 262: 1–15.
  23. Miki, T., Lehmann, T., Cai, H., Stolz, D.B. and Strom, S.C. (2005). Stem cell characteristics of amniotic epithelial cells. Stem Cells 23: 1549–1559.
  24. Nayernia, K. Li, M. Jaroszynski, L. Khusainov, R. Wulf, G. and Schwandt, I. (2004). Stem cell based therapeutical approach of male infertility by teratocarcinoma derived germ cells. Hum. Mol. Genet. 13: 1451–1460.
  25. Nayernia, K. Nolte, J. Michelmann, H.W. Lee, J.H. Rathsack, K. and Drusenheimer, N. (2006). In vitro-differentiated embryonic stem cells give rise to male gametes that can generate offspring mice. Dev. Cell 11: 125–132.
  26. Nayernia, K., Lee, J.H., Drusenheimer, N., Nolte, J., Wulf, G., Dressel, R., Gromoll, J. and Engel, W. (2006b). Derivation of male germ cells from bone marrow stem cells. Lab. Invest. 86: 654–663.
  27. Nayernia, K., Nolte, J., Michelmann, H.W., Lee, J.H., Rathsack, K, Drusenheimer, N., Dev, A., Wulf, G., Ehrmann, I.E. and Elliott, D.J. (2006a). In vitro-differentiated embryonic stem cells give rise to male gametes that can generate offspring mice. Devel. Cell 111: 25–132.
  28. Ohinata, Y., Payer, B., O’Carroll, D., Ancelin, K., Ono, Y., Sano, M., Barton, S.C., Obukhanych, T., Nussenzweig, M., Tarakhovsky, A., Saitou, M. and Surani, M.A. (2005). Blimp1 is a critical determinant of the germ cell lineage in mice. Nature 436: 207–213.
  29. Park, T.S., Galic, Z., Conway, A.E., Lindgren, A., Van Handel, B.J., Magnusson, M., Richter, L., Teitell, M.A., Mikkola1, H.K.A., Lowry, W.E., Plath, K. and Clark, A.T. (2009). Derivation of primordial germ cells from human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells is significantly improved by coculture with human fetal gonadal cells. Stem Cells 27: 783-95.
  30. Parks, J.E. Lee, D.R. Huang, S. and Kaproth, M.T. (2003). Prospects for spermatogenesis in vitro, Theriogenology 59: 73–86.
  31. Payer, B., Chuva de, S., Lopes, S.M., Barton, S.C., Lee, C., Saitou, M. & Surani, M.A. (2006). Generation of stella- GFP transgenic mice: a novel tool to study germ cell development. Genesis 44: 75–83.
  32. Payer. B., Saitou, M., Barton, S.C., Thresher, R., Dixon, J.P., Zahn, D., Colledge, W.H., Carlton, M.B., Nakano, T. and Surani, M.A. (2003). Stella is a maternal effect gene required for normal early development in mice. Curr. Biol. 13: 2110–2117.
  33. Raz, E. (2005). Germ cells: sex and repression in mice. Curr. Biol. 15: 600–603.
  34. Ruggiu, M., Speed, R., Taggart, M., McKay, S.J., Kilanowski, F., Saunders, P., Dorin, J. and Cooke, H.J. (1997). The mouse Dazl gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein essential for gametogenesis. Nature 389: 73–77.
  35. Saitou, M., Barton, S.C. and Surani, M.A. (2002). A molecular programme for the specification of germ cell fate in mice. Nature 418: 293–300.
  36. Seligman, J., Page, D.C. (1998). The Dazl gene is expressed in male and female embryonic gonads before germ cell sex differentiation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 245: 878–882.
  37. Toyooka, Y., Tsunekawa, N., Akasu, R. and Noce, T. (2003). Embryonic stem cells can form germ cells in vitro. PNAS 100: 11457–11462.
  38. Toyooka, Y., Tsunekawa, N., Takahashi, Y., Matsui, Y., Satoh, M. and Noce, T. (2000). Expression and intracellular localization of mouse Vasa-homologue protein during germ cell development. Mech. Dev. 93: 139–149.
  39. Vincent, S.D., Dunn, N.R., Sciammas, R., Shapiro-Shalef, M., Davis, M.M., Calame, K., Bikoff, E.K. and Robertson, E.J. (2005). The zinc finger transcriptional repressor Blimp1/Prdm1 is dispensable for early axis formation but is required for specification of primordial germ cells in the mouse. Development 132: 1315–1325.
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    volume 32 issue 4 (december 2011) : 310 - 315

    DIFFERENTIATION OF GERM CELLS FROM STEM CELLS- A REVIEW

    H
    H.N. Malik
    A
    A.K. Singh1
    S
    S.K. Das2
    D
    D. Kumar
    M
    M.K. Jena
    S
    S.K. Mohapatra J. Choudharay
    S
    S. Saughandhika
    D
    D. Malakar
    1Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, India

    • Submitted|

    • First Online |

    • doi

    Cite article:- Malik H.N., Singh1 A.K., Das2 S.K., Kumar D., Jena M.K., Choudharay J. Mohapatra S.K., Saughandhika S., Malakar D. (2025). DIFFERENTIATION OF GERM CELLS FROM STEM CELLS- A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 32(4): 310 - 315. doi: .

    ABSTRACT

    Embryonic stem (ES) cells possess unlimited self-renewal capacity and developmental potential to differentiate into virtually any cell type of an organism. ES cells can differentiate under appropriate in vitro and in vivo conditions into different cell types. Embryonic stem cell–derived gametes could find several applications in animal breeding and assisted reproductive technology. One of the most common causes of male infertility is abnormal germ cell differentiation leading to azoospermia or oligospermia. In females, the most common cause of infertility involves ovulatory dysfunction. The emergence of techniques allowing the in vitro derivation of both germ cells and mature gametes will allow investigations into processes guiding germ cell formation and into academic and therapeutic uses for these fascinating cells. Producing germ cells in vitro would open important new avenues for regenerative medicine, and obtaining alternative sources of pluripotent stem cells is desirable. Advances in stem cell research have opened new perspectives for regenerative and reproductive medicine.

    REFERENCES

    1. Ancelin, K., Lange, U.C., Hajkova, P., Schneider, R., Bannister, A.J., Kouzarides, T. and Surani, M.A. (2006). Blimp1 associates with Prmt5 and directs histone arginine methylation in mouse germ cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 8: 623–630.
    2. Aravind, L. and Koonin, E.V. (2000). SAP-a putative DNA-binding motif involved in chromosomal organisation. Trends Biochem. Sci. 25: 112–114.
    3. Brinster, R.L and Zimmermann, J.W. (1994). Spermatogenesis following male germ-cell transplantation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 11298–11302.
    4. Brinster, R.L. (2002). Germline stem cell transplantation and transgenesis. Science 296: 2174–2176.
    5. Brinster, R.L. and Avarbock, M.R. (1994). Germline transmission of donor haplotype following spermatogonial transplantation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 11303–11307.
    6. Chang, D. and Calame, K. (2002). The dynamic expression pattern of B lymphocyte induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) during mouse embryonic development. Mech. Dev. 117: 305–309.
    7. Clark, A.T. and Reijo Pera, R.A. (2006). Modeling human germ cell development with embryonic stem cells. Regen. Med.1: 85–93.
    8. Clark, A.T., Bodnar, M.S, Fox, M., Rodriquez, R.T., Abeyta, M.J., Firpo, M.T. and Pera, R.A. (2004). Spontaneous differentiation of germ cells from human embryonic stem cells in vitro. Hum. Mol.Genet. 13: 727–739.
    9. Collier, B., Gorgoni, B., Loveridge, C., Cooke, H.J. and Gray, N.K. (2005). The DAZL family proteins are PABP-binding proteins that regulate translation in germ cells. E.M.B.O.J. 24: 2656–2666.
    10. De Coppi, P., Bartsch, G. Jr., Siddiqui, M.M., Xu, T., Santos, C.C., Perin, L., Mostoslavsky, G., Serre, A.C., Snyder, E.Y. and Yoo, J.J. (2007). Isolation of amniotic stem cell lines with potential for therapy. Nat. Biotech. 25: 100–106.
    11. Dyce, P.W., Wen, L. and Li, J. (2006). In vitro germline potential of stem cells derived from fetal porcine skin. Nat. Cell Biol. 8: 384–390.
    12. Enders, G.C. and May, J.J. (1994). Developmentally Regulated Expression of a mouse germ cell nuclear antigen examined from embryonic day 11 to adult in male and female mice. Dev. Biol. 163: 331–340.
    13. Geijsen, N., Horoschak, M., Kim, K., Gribnau, J., Eggan, K. and Daley, G.Q. (2004). Derivation of embryonic germ cells and male gametes from embryonic stem cells. Nature 427: 106–107.
    14. Ginsburg, M., Snow, M.H. and McLaren, A. (1990). Primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo during gastrulation. Development 110: 521–528.
    15. Hay, B., Jan, L.Y. and Jan, Y.N. (1990). Localization of vasa, a component of Drosophila polar granules, in maternal effect mutants that alter embryonic anteroposterior polarity. Development 109: 425-433.
    16. Hubner, K., Fuhrmann, G., Christenson, L.K., Kehler, J., Reinbold, R., Fuente, R.D.L., Wood, J., Strauss, J.F. and Boiani, M. (2003). Derivation of oocytes from mouse embryonic stem cells. Science 300: 1251–1256.
    17. Imamura, M., T. Aoi., Tokumasu, A., Mise, N., Abe, N., Yamanaka, S. and Noce, T. (2010). Induction of primordial germ cells from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells derived from adult hepatocytes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77(9): 802-811.
    18. Lacham-Kaplan, O., Chy, H. and Trounson, A. (2006). Testicular cell conditioned medium supports differentiation of embryonic stem cells into ovarian structures containing oocytes. Stem Cells 24: 266–273.
    19. Lange, U.C., Saitou, M., Western, P.S., Barton, S.C. and Surani, M.A. (2003). The fragilis interferon inducible gene family of transmembrane proteins is associated with germ cell specification in mice. B.M.C. Dev. Biol. 3:1.
    20. Lawson, K.A., Dunn, N.R., Roelen, B.A., Zeinstra, L.M., Davis, A.M., Wright, C.V., Korving, J.P., Hogan, B.L. (1999). Bmp4 is required for the generation of primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo. Genes Dev. 13: 424–436.
    21. McGuckin, C.P., Forraz, N., Baradez, M.O., Navran, S., Zhao, J., Urban, R., Tilton. R. and Denner, L. (2005). Production of stem cells with embryonic characteristics from human umbilical cord blood. Cell Prolif. 38: 245–255.
    22. McLaren, A. (2003). Primordial germ cells in the mouse. Dev. Biol. 262: 1–15.
    23. Miki, T., Lehmann, T., Cai, H., Stolz, D.B. and Strom, S.C. (2005). Stem cell characteristics of amniotic epithelial cells. Stem Cells 23: 1549–1559.
    24. Nayernia, K. Li, M. Jaroszynski, L. Khusainov, R. Wulf, G. and Schwandt, I. (2004). Stem cell based therapeutical approach of male infertility by teratocarcinoma derived germ cells. Hum. Mol. Genet. 13: 1451–1460.
    25. Nayernia, K. Nolte, J. Michelmann, H.W. Lee, J.H. Rathsack, K. and Drusenheimer, N. (2006). In vitro-differentiated embryonic stem cells give rise to male gametes that can generate offspring mice. Dev. Cell 11: 125–132.
    26. Nayernia, K., Lee, J.H., Drusenheimer, N., Nolte, J., Wulf, G., Dressel, R., Gromoll, J. and Engel, W. (2006b). Derivation of male germ cells from bone marrow stem cells. Lab. Invest. 86: 654–663.
    27. Nayernia, K., Nolte, J., Michelmann, H.W., Lee, J.H., Rathsack, K, Drusenheimer, N., Dev, A., Wulf, G., Ehrmann, I.E. and Elliott, D.J. (2006a). In vitro-differentiated embryonic stem cells give rise to male gametes that can generate offspring mice. Devel. Cell 111: 25–132.
    28. Ohinata, Y., Payer, B., O’Carroll, D., Ancelin, K., Ono, Y., Sano, M., Barton, S.C., Obukhanych, T., Nussenzweig, M., Tarakhovsky, A., Saitou, M. and Surani, M.A. (2005). Blimp1 is a critical determinant of the germ cell lineage in mice. Nature 436: 207–213.
    29. Park, T.S., Galic, Z., Conway, A.E., Lindgren, A., Van Handel, B.J., Magnusson, M., Richter, L., Teitell, M.A., Mikkola1, H.K.A., Lowry, W.E., Plath, K. and Clark, A.T. (2009). Derivation of primordial germ cells from human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells is significantly improved by coculture with human fetal gonadal cells. Stem Cells 27: 783-95.
    30. Parks, J.E. Lee, D.R. Huang, S. and Kaproth, M.T. (2003). Prospects for spermatogenesis in vitro, Theriogenology 59: 73–86.
    31. Payer, B., Chuva de, S., Lopes, S.M., Barton, S.C., Lee, C., Saitou, M. & Surani, M.A. (2006). Generation of stella- GFP transgenic mice: a novel tool to study germ cell development. Genesis 44: 75–83.
    32. Payer. B., Saitou, M., Barton, S.C., Thresher, R., Dixon, J.P., Zahn, D., Colledge, W.H., Carlton, M.B., Nakano, T. and Surani, M.A. (2003). Stella is a maternal effect gene required for normal early development in mice. Curr. Biol. 13: 2110–2117.
    33. Raz, E. (2005). Germ cells: sex and repression in mice. Curr. Biol. 15: 600–603.
    34. Ruggiu, M., Speed, R., Taggart, M., McKay, S.J., Kilanowski, F., Saunders, P., Dorin, J. and Cooke, H.J. (1997). The mouse Dazl gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein essential for gametogenesis. Nature 389: 73–77.
    35. Saitou, M., Barton, S.C. and Surani, M.A. (2002). A molecular programme for the specification of germ cell fate in mice. Nature 418: 293–300.
    36. Seligman, J., Page, D.C. (1998). The Dazl gene is expressed in male and female embryonic gonads before germ cell sex differentiation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 245: 878–882.
    37. Toyooka, Y., Tsunekawa, N., Akasu, R. and Noce, T. (2003). Embryonic stem cells can form germ cells in vitro. PNAS 100: 11457–11462.
    38. Toyooka, Y., Tsunekawa, N., Takahashi, Y., Matsui, Y., Satoh, M. and Noce, T. (2000). Expression and intracellular localization of mouse Vasa-homologue protein during germ cell development. Mech. Dev. 93: 139–149.
    39. Vincent, S.D., Dunn, N.R., Sciammas, R., Shapiro-Shalef, M., Davis, M.M., Calame, K., Bikoff, E.K. and Robertson, E.J. (2005). The zinc finger transcriptional repressor Blimp1/Prdm1 is dispensable for early axis formation but is required for specification of primordial germ cells in the mouse. Development 132: 1315–1325.
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