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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 33 issue 2 (june 2012) : 114 - 121

EFFECT OF FEEDING CANOLA QUALITY RAPESEED MUSTARD MEAL ON ANIMAL PRODUCTION - A REVIEW

T
Tilling Tayo
N
Narayan Dutta
K
K. Sharma1
1Centre for Advanced Faculty Training in Animal Nutrition Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar- 243 122, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Tayo Tilling, Dutta Narayan, Sharma1 K. (2025). EFFECT OF FEEDING CANOLA QUALITY RAPESEED MUSTARD MEAL ON ANIMAL PRODUCTION - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 33(2): 114 - 121. doi: .

ABSTRACT

Rapeseed mustard cake (RMC) can be readily used as a protein supplement in ruminants’ diet due to its availability and being cheaper than common oil cakes. The use of RMC as protein supplement to ruminant diet is constrained due to its higher level of glucosinolates that have variable adverse effect on palatability, intake, nutrient utilization, thyroid hormone status and overall performance of the animals. Though, the glucosinolates present in RMC are biologically inactive; but they are hydrolyzed by endogenous enzyme, myrosinase (thioglucosidase, E.C 3.2.3.1) to yield active metabolites viz. thiocyanate, iso thiocyanate, oxazolidone-2-thiones and nitrile compounds, which may be toxic to the animals. Thiocyanate gets absorbed into blood and secreted into the milk which may have detrimental health hazards to consumer. Improved varieties of rapeseed mustard cultivar (canola quality) which is low in both erucic acid and glucosinolates can replace conventional cakes like soybean meal/groundnut cake as a protein source in the diet of ruminants without affecting growth and lactation performance.

REFERENCES

  1. Appelquist, L.A. and Ohlhon, R. (1972). Rapeseed; Cultivation, Composition, Processing and Utilization. Elsevier Publishing Co. Amsterdam, Netherlands.
  2. Bell, J. M., and Keith, M. O. 1991). A survey of variation in the chemical composition of commercial canola meal produced in western Canadian crushing plants. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 71:469-480.
  3. Bell, J.M. (1984). Nutrients and toxicants in rapeseed meal - A review. J. Anim. Sci. 58: 996-1010.
  4. Bell, J.M. (1993). Factor affecting the nutritional value of canola meal: A review. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 73: 679-697
  5. Benn, M. (1977). Glucosinolates. Pure and Appl. Chem. 49: 197-210.
  6. Bergner, H., and Schmidt,W. (1972). Untersuchungen zur Wirkung von Rapsextraktionsschrot das Kukenwachstum. Arch.Tierernahr. 20: 179-187.
  7. Bjorck, L., Claesson, O. and Schulthess, W. (1979).The Lactoperoxide/Thiocyanate/Hydrogen peroxide system as a Temporary Preservation for Raw Milk in Developing Countries. Milchwissenschaft. 34: 725-729.
  8. Blair, R., and Scougal, K. (1975). Chemical composition and nutritive value of rapeseed meals. Feedstuffs 10: 26-27.
  9. Bougon, M., Boixil, J. and Tomassone, L. (1988). Use of rapeseed oil cakes in chicken. Bulletin d’Information Station Exp.d’Aviculture de Ploufragan, (France) 28:155-162.
  10. Bourdon, D., and Aumaitre, A. (1990). Low-glucosinolate rapeseeds and rapeseed meals: effect of technological treatments on chemical composition, digestible energy content and feeding value for growing pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 30:175- 191.
  11. Clandinin, D. R. and Robblee, A. R. (1983). Apparent and true metabolizable energy value for low glucosinolate-tyre rapeseed meal. Feedstuffs 55 : 5 - 20.
  12. CRB (Commodity Research Bureau) Fundamentals – (2008) Commodity Articles, division of Barchart.com, Inc.
  13. Davis, M., Ellis, M. and Smithard, R. (1990). Effect of dietary inclusion level of low glucosinolates rapeseed meal on growing pig performance (abstract). British Society of Animal Production. pp. 588.
  14. Devlin, T.J., Salem, H.A.. and Seale, M.E. (1984). Rapeseed meal in rations for gestation and lactating ewes (abstract). Can. J. Anim. Sci., 51: 791.
  15. Downey, R. K. (1990). Canola: A quality brassica oilseed. In: Advances in New Crops, Janick, J. and J.E. Simon (Eds.). Timber Press, Portland, pp: 211-217.
  16. Durrani, F.R. and Khalil, I.A. (1990). Chemical composition of Brassica oilseed meal. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 33: 39-41.
  17. Emanuelson, M. (1994): Problems associated with feed­ing rapeseed meal to dairy cows. Proceedings: Australian Soci. Anim. Prod., 14: 660.
  18. Emanuelson M., Ahlin, K. A. and Wiktorsson, H. (1993). Long-term feeding of rapeseed meal and full-fat rapeseed of double low cultivars to dairy cows. Liv. Prod. Sci., 33: 199-214.
  19. Etienne, M. and Dourand, J.Y. (1994). Effects of zearelenone or glucosinolates in the diet on reproduction in sows - A review. Liv. Prod. Sci, 40: 99-113.
  20. Fenwick G., Heaney, R. and Mullin, W. (1983). Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants. CRC, Critical Review. Food Sci. and Nutr., 18: 123-201
  21. Gutzwiller, A. (1996). Effects des glucosinolates du colza sur I’organisme. Revue Suisse Agric. 28 (3): 129-132.
  22. Henkel, H. and Mosenthin, R. (1989) Rapssaat und Rapsprodukte in der Tierernahrung.Ubersichten zur Tierernahrung 17: 139-190.
  23. Hill, R. (1991). Rapeseed meal in the diets of ruminants - A review. Nutri. Abst. Rev. (series B) 61: 139-155.
  24. Iwarsson, K. (1973). Rapeseed meal as a protein supplement for dairy cows. I. The influence on certain blood and milk parameters. Acta Vet. Scand. 14: 570 -594.
  25. Iwarsson, K., Ekman, L., Everitt, B.R.,.Figueiras, H and Nilsson, P.O. (1973). The effect of feeding rapeseed meal on thyroid function and morphology in growing Bulls. Acta Vet. Scand. 14: 620-629.
  26. Jensen, S.K., Liu, Y.G. and Eggum, B.O. (1995b). The influence of feed size and hull content on the composition and digestibility of rapeseed in rats. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 54: 9-19.
  27. Khorasani, G. R., de Boer, G., Robinson, B. and Kennelly, J. J. (1994). Influence of dietary protein and starch on production and metabolic responses of dairy cows. J. Dairy sci. 77(3):813-24.
  28. Khorasani, G. R., Robinson, P. H. and Kennelly, J. J. (1994). Evaluation of solvent and expeller linseed meals as protein sources for dairy cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 74: 479-485.
  29. Kjaer, A. and Skrystrup, T. (1987). Selenoglucosinolates synthesis and enzymatic hydrolysis. Acta Chem. Scand., 41: 29-33.
  30. Kjaer, A. (1960). Naturally derived isothiocyanates (mustard oil) and their parent glucosides. Fortschr. Chem. Org. Naturstoffe. 18:122-176.
  31. Laarveld, B. and Christensen, D.A. (1976). Rapeseed meal in complete feeds for dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 59: 1929 -1935.
  32. Laarveld, B., Brockman, R.P. and Christensen, D.A. (1981a). The effects of Tower and Midas rapeseed meals on milk production and concentrations of goitrogens and iodide in milk. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 61:131-139.
  33. Larsen, P.O. (1981). Glucosinolates . In: P.K.Stumpf and E.E.Conn (Ed). The Biochemistry of plants. A Comprehensive treatise, Vol.7, Secondary Plant Products. Academic Press, New York. pp. 501-526.
  34. Lee, K. H., Qi, G. H. and Sim, L. S.. (1995). Metabolizable energy and amino acid availability of full-fat seeds, meals, and oils of flax and canola. Poult. Sci. 74: 1341-1348.
  35. Marangos, A. and Hill, R. (1974). The hydrolysis and absorption of thioglycosides of rapeseed meal (abstract). Proc. Nutr. Soc. 33: 90A.
  36. Mawson, R., Heany, R.K., Zdunczyk, Z. and Kozlowska, H. (1993). Rapeseed meal-glucosinolates and their antinutritional effects. Part II. Flavour and palatability. Die Nährung, 37: 336 – 344.
  37. McGregor, D.I. 1978. Thiocynate, a hydrolysis product of glucosinolates from rape and mustard seed. Can. J. Plant Sci., 58: 795.
  38. Newkirk, R. W., Classen, H. L. and Tyler, R. T. (1997). Nutritional evaluation of low glucosinolate mustard meals (Brassica juncea) in broiler diets. Poult. Sci., 76:1272-1277.
  39. NRC. (1994). Nutrient requirements of cattle. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C
  40. Olsson, J. (1978). Rapeseed meal as a protein supplement for growing bulls. Proceedings: Fifth International Rape Seed Congress. Malmo, 2: 230-234.
  41. Paik, I.K., Robblee, A.R. and Clandinin, D.R. (1980). Products of the hydrolysis of rapeseed glucosinolates. Can. J. Anim Sci. 60: 481.
  42. Pailan, G.H. and Singhal, K.K. (1994). Influence of dietary glucosinolates on iodine metabolism in lactating goats. Proc. Iodized salt for livestock 28th November, 1998, NDRI, Karnal, India.
  43. Palnavel. (2008) effect of feeding high glucosinolates rapeseed - mustard cake on the performance of ruminants and quality assurance of meat and milk. PhD thesis, IVRI, Izatnagar, bareilly.
  44. Panter, K.E. and James, L.F. (1990). Natural plant toxicants in milk - a review. J. Anim. Sci. 68: 892-904.
  45. Papas, A., Ingalls, J.R. and Consfield, P. (1978). Effect of tower and 1821 rapeseed meals and tower gums on milk yield. Milk composition and blood parameters of lactating dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 58: 671-679.
  46. Papas, A., Ingalls, J.R. and Campbell, L.D. (1979). Studies on the effects of rapeseed meal on thyroid status of cattle, glucosinolate and iodine content of milk and other parameters. J. Nutr. 109: 1129 -1139.
  47. Ravichandiran, S., Sharma, K., Dutta, N., Pattanaik, A.K., Chauhan, J.S. and Agnihotri, A. (2008). Comperative assessement of soybean meal with high and low glucosinolate rapeseed-mustard cake as protein supplement on performance of growing crossbred calves. J. Sci. food and Agri., 88: 832-838.
  48. Reiter, B. (1985). Protective proteins in milk. Ins. Dairy Fed. Bull. 191: 2 - 35.
  49. Ruckebush, Y., Phaneuf, L.P. and Dunlop, R. (1991). Thyroid metabolic hormones. B.C. Decker Inc. Hamilton. Ontario. Philadelphia, PA, pp. 513.
  50. Sanchez, J.M. and Claypool, D.W. (1983). Canola meal as a protein supplement in dairy rations. J. Dairy Sci. 66: 80-85
  51. Schingoethe, D.J., Beardsley, G.L. and Muller, L.D. (1974). Evaluation of commercial rapeseed meal and bronowski variety rapeseed meal in calf rations. J. Nutr., 104:558–562.
  52. Sharma, K., Dutta, N., Patra, A.K., Singh, M., Pattanaik, A.K., Ravichandiran, S., Chauhan, J.S., Agnihotri, A. and Kumar, A. (2007). Effect of replacing soybean meal with Indian canola quality or high glucosinolate rapeseed- mustard meal on performance of growing crossbred calves. Liv. Res. for Rural Dev., 19 (10), lrrd.org/lrrd19/10/ cont1910.htm
  53. Sharma, A.D. and Pailan, G.H. (2004). Role of naturally occurring milk thiocyanate on activation of Lactoperoxidase system. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 57(3): 177-180.
  54. Song, M. K. and Kennelly, J. J. (1989). Effect of ammoniated barley silage on ruminal fermentation, nitrogen supply to the small intestine, ruminal and whole tract digestion, and milk production of Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 72(11): 2981-90.
  55. Sorensen, H. (1991). Glucosinolates: Structure - Properties - Functions. Canola and rapeseed production, chemistry, nutrition and processing technology: Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. pp. 149-172.
  56. Spiegel, C., Bestetti, G.E., Rossi, G.L. and Blum, J.W. 1993. Normal circulating triiodothyronine concentrations are maintained despite severe hypothyroidism in growing pigs fed rapeseed press cake meal. J. Nutr. 123: 1554-1561.
  57. Tapper, B.A. and Terry, P.F. (1973). Cyanogens glycosides and glucosinolates, In: Chemistry and biochemistry of Herbage Vol. 1. Butler, G.W., Baily, R.W. (eds), Academic Press, London.
  58. TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute). (2003). NATP on sustainable management of plant biodiversity: chemical characterization of rapeseed-mustard for glucosinolates content. TERI. Project report no. 993364, submitted to national bureau of plant genetic resources, ICAR, New Delhi, pp.58.
  59. Tesfa, A.T., Virkajarvi, P., Tuori, M. and Syrjala-Qvist, L. (1995). Effects of supplementary concentrate composition on milk yield, milk composition and pasture utilization of rotationally grazed dairy cows. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 56: 143 – 154.
  60. Throckmorton, J.C., Cheeke, P.R., Patton, N.M., Arscott, G.H. and Jolliff, G.D. (1981). Evaluation of meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba) meal as a feedstuff for broiler chicks and weanling rabbits. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 61: 735.
  61. Tyagi, A.K. (1991). Ph.D., Thesis. Submitted to National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
  62. Tyagi, A.K. and Singhal, K.K. (1993). Chemical changes during storage of expeller pressed oil-cake. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 63: 91-93.
  63. Unger, E. H. (1990). Commercial processing of canola and rapeseed: Crushing and oil extraction. In: F. Shahidi (Ed.) Canola and Rapeseed Production, Chemistry, Nutrition and Processing Technology. pp. 235-249. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
  64. Van Etten,C.H. (1969). Toxic constituents of plant foodstuff. In: E. Liener (Ed) Goitrogens. pp. 103-142. Academic Press, New York.
  65. Vincent, I.C., Thompson, J. and Hill, R. (1990a). The voluntary feed intake and weight gain of lambs given concentrate feeds containing rapeseed meal with a range of glucosinolates contents Anim. Prod., 50: 587.
  66. Vincent, I.C. and Hill, R. (1988). Low glucosinolate rapeseed meal as a protein source for milk production. Anim. Prod., 46: 505.
  67. White, R.D., Swick, R.A. and Cheeke, P.R. (1983). Effects of microsomal enzyme induction on the toxicity of pyrrolizidine (senecio) alkaloids. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 12: 633.
  68. Zinn, R.A. (1993). Characteristics of ruminal and total tract digestion of canola meal and soybean meal in a high-energy diet for feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 71: 796 – 801.
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    volume 33 issue 2 (june 2012) : 114 - 121

    EFFECT OF FEEDING CANOLA QUALITY RAPESEED MUSTARD MEAL ON ANIMAL PRODUCTION - A REVIEW

    T
    Tilling Tayo
    N
    Narayan Dutta
    K
    K. Sharma1
    1Centre for Advanced Faculty Training in Animal Nutrition Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar- 243 122, India

    • Submitted|

    • First Online |

    • doi

    Cite article:- Tayo Tilling, Dutta Narayan, Sharma1 K. (2025). EFFECT OF FEEDING CANOLA QUALITY RAPESEED MUSTARD MEAL ON ANIMAL PRODUCTION - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 33(2): 114 - 121. doi: .

    ABSTRACT

    Rapeseed mustard cake (RMC) can be readily used as a protein supplement in ruminants’ diet due to its availability and being cheaper than common oil cakes. The use of RMC as protein supplement to ruminant diet is constrained due to its higher level of glucosinolates that have variable adverse effect on palatability, intake, nutrient utilization, thyroid hormone status and overall performance of the animals. Though, the glucosinolates present in RMC are biologically inactive; but they are hydrolyzed by endogenous enzyme, myrosinase (thioglucosidase, E.C 3.2.3.1) to yield active metabolites viz. thiocyanate, iso thiocyanate, oxazolidone-2-thiones and nitrile compounds, which may be toxic to the animals. Thiocyanate gets absorbed into blood and secreted into the milk which may have detrimental health hazards to consumer. Improved varieties of rapeseed mustard cultivar (canola quality) which is low in both erucic acid and glucosinolates can replace conventional cakes like soybean meal/groundnut cake as a protein source in the diet of ruminants without affecting growth and lactation performance.

    REFERENCES

    1. Appelquist, L.A. and Ohlhon, R. (1972). Rapeseed; Cultivation, Composition, Processing and Utilization. Elsevier Publishing Co. Amsterdam, Netherlands.
    2. Bell, J. M., and Keith, M. O. 1991). A survey of variation in the chemical composition of commercial canola meal produced in western Canadian crushing plants. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 71:469-480.
    3. Bell, J.M. (1984). Nutrients and toxicants in rapeseed meal - A review. J. Anim. Sci. 58: 996-1010.
    4. Bell, J.M. (1993). Factor affecting the nutritional value of canola meal: A review. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 73: 679-697
    5. Benn, M. (1977). Glucosinolates. Pure and Appl. Chem. 49: 197-210.
    6. Bergner, H., and Schmidt,W. (1972). Untersuchungen zur Wirkung von Rapsextraktionsschrot das Kukenwachstum. Arch.Tierernahr. 20: 179-187.
    7. Bjorck, L., Claesson, O. and Schulthess, W. (1979).The Lactoperoxide/Thiocyanate/Hydrogen peroxide system as a Temporary Preservation for Raw Milk in Developing Countries. Milchwissenschaft. 34: 725-729.
    8. Blair, R., and Scougal, K. (1975). Chemical composition and nutritive value of rapeseed meals. Feedstuffs 10: 26-27.
    9. Bougon, M., Boixil, J. and Tomassone, L. (1988). Use of rapeseed oil cakes in chicken. Bulletin d’Information Station Exp.d’Aviculture de Ploufragan, (France) 28:155-162.
    10. Bourdon, D., and Aumaitre, A. (1990). Low-glucosinolate rapeseeds and rapeseed meals: effect of technological treatments on chemical composition, digestible energy content and feeding value for growing pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 30:175- 191.
    11. Clandinin, D. R. and Robblee, A. R. (1983). Apparent and true metabolizable energy value for low glucosinolate-tyre rapeseed meal. Feedstuffs 55 : 5 - 20.
    12. CRB (Commodity Research Bureau) Fundamentals – (2008) Commodity Articles, division of Barchart.com, Inc.
    13. Davis, M., Ellis, M. and Smithard, R. (1990). Effect of dietary inclusion level of low glucosinolates rapeseed meal on growing pig performance (abstract). British Society of Animal Production. pp. 588.
    14. Devlin, T.J., Salem, H.A.. and Seale, M.E. (1984). Rapeseed meal in rations for gestation and lactating ewes (abstract). Can. J. Anim. Sci., 51: 791.
    15. Downey, R. K. (1990). Canola: A quality brassica oilseed. In: Advances in New Crops, Janick, J. and J.E. Simon (Eds.). Timber Press, Portland, pp: 211-217.
    16. Durrani, F.R. and Khalil, I.A. (1990). Chemical composition of Brassica oilseed meal. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 33: 39-41.
    17. Emanuelson, M. (1994): Problems associated with feed­ing rapeseed meal to dairy cows. Proceedings: Australian Soci. Anim. Prod., 14: 660.
    18. Emanuelson M., Ahlin, K. A. and Wiktorsson, H. (1993). Long-term feeding of rapeseed meal and full-fat rapeseed of double low cultivars to dairy cows. Liv. Prod. Sci., 33: 199-214.
    19. Etienne, M. and Dourand, J.Y. (1994). Effects of zearelenone or glucosinolates in the diet on reproduction in sows - A review. Liv. Prod. Sci, 40: 99-113.
    20. Fenwick G., Heaney, R. and Mullin, W. (1983). Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants. CRC, Critical Review. Food Sci. and Nutr., 18: 123-201
    21. Gutzwiller, A. (1996). Effects des glucosinolates du colza sur I’organisme. Revue Suisse Agric. 28 (3): 129-132.
    22. Henkel, H. and Mosenthin, R. (1989) Rapssaat und Rapsprodukte in der Tierernahrung.Ubersichten zur Tierernahrung 17: 139-190.
    23. Hill, R. (1991). Rapeseed meal in the diets of ruminants - A review. Nutri. Abst. Rev. (series B) 61: 139-155.
    24. Iwarsson, K. (1973). Rapeseed meal as a protein supplement for dairy cows. I. The influence on certain blood and milk parameters. Acta Vet. Scand. 14: 570 -594.
    25. Iwarsson, K., Ekman, L., Everitt, B.R.,.Figueiras, H and Nilsson, P.O. (1973). The effect of feeding rapeseed meal on thyroid function and morphology in growing Bulls. Acta Vet. Scand. 14: 620-629.
    26. Jensen, S.K., Liu, Y.G. and Eggum, B.O. (1995b). The influence of feed size and hull content on the composition and digestibility of rapeseed in rats. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 54: 9-19.
    27. Khorasani, G. R., de Boer, G., Robinson, B. and Kennelly, J. J. (1994). Influence of dietary protein and starch on production and metabolic responses of dairy cows. J. Dairy sci. 77(3):813-24.
    28. Khorasani, G. R., Robinson, P. H. and Kennelly, J. J. (1994). Evaluation of solvent and expeller linseed meals as protein sources for dairy cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 74: 479-485.
    29. Kjaer, A. and Skrystrup, T. (1987). Selenoglucosinolates synthesis and enzymatic hydrolysis. Acta Chem. Scand., 41: 29-33.
    30. Kjaer, A. (1960). Naturally derived isothiocyanates (mustard oil) and their parent glucosides. Fortschr. Chem. Org. Naturstoffe. 18:122-176.
    31. Laarveld, B. and Christensen, D.A. (1976). Rapeseed meal in complete feeds for dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 59: 1929 -1935.
    32. Laarveld, B., Brockman, R.P. and Christensen, D.A. (1981a). The effects of Tower and Midas rapeseed meals on milk production and concentrations of goitrogens and iodide in milk. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 61:131-139.
    33. Larsen, P.O. (1981). Glucosinolates . In: P.K.Stumpf and E.E.Conn (Ed). The Biochemistry of plants. A Comprehensive treatise, Vol.7, Secondary Plant Products. Academic Press, New York. pp. 501-526.
    34. Lee, K. H., Qi, G. H. and Sim, L. S.. (1995). Metabolizable energy and amino acid availability of full-fat seeds, meals, and oils of flax and canola. Poult. Sci. 74: 1341-1348.
    35. Marangos, A. and Hill, R. (1974). The hydrolysis and absorption of thioglycosides of rapeseed meal (abstract). Proc. Nutr. Soc. 33: 90A.
    36. Mawson, R., Heany, R.K., Zdunczyk, Z. and Kozlowska, H. (1993). Rapeseed meal-glucosinolates and their antinutritional effects. Part II. Flavour and palatability. Die Nährung, 37: 336 – 344.
    37. McGregor, D.I. 1978. Thiocynate, a hydrolysis product of glucosinolates from rape and mustard seed. Can. J. Plant Sci., 58: 795.
    38. Newkirk, R. W., Classen, H. L. and Tyler, R. T. (1997). Nutritional evaluation of low glucosinolate mustard meals (Brassica juncea) in broiler diets. Poult. Sci., 76:1272-1277.
    39. NRC. (1994). Nutrient requirements of cattle. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C
    40. Olsson, J. (1978). Rapeseed meal as a protein supplement for growing bulls. Proceedings: Fifth International Rape Seed Congress. Malmo, 2: 230-234.
    41. Paik, I.K., Robblee, A.R. and Clandinin, D.R. (1980). Products of the hydrolysis of rapeseed glucosinolates. Can. J. Anim Sci. 60: 481.
    42. Pailan, G.H. and Singhal, K.K. (1994). Influence of dietary glucosinolates on iodine metabolism in lactating goats. Proc. Iodized salt for livestock 28th November, 1998, NDRI, Karnal, India.
    43. Palnavel. (2008) effect of feeding high glucosinolates rapeseed - mustard cake on the performance of ruminants and quality assurance of meat and milk. PhD thesis, IVRI, Izatnagar, bareilly.
    44. Panter, K.E. and James, L.F. (1990). Natural plant toxicants in milk - a review. J. Anim. Sci. 68: 892-904.
    45. Papas, A., Ingalls, J.R. and Consfield, P. (1978). Effect of tower and 1821 rapeseed meals and tower gums on milk yield. Milk composition and blood parameters of lactating dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 58: 671-679.
    46. Papas, A., Ingalls, J.R. and Campbell, L.D. (1979). Studies on the effects of rapeseed meal on thyroid status of cattle, glucosinolate and iodine content of milk and other parameters. J. Nutr. 109: 1129 -1139.
    47. Ravichandiran, S., Sharma, K., Dutta, N., Pattanaik, A.K., Chauhan, J.S. and Agnihotri, A. (2008). Comperative assessement of soybean meal with high and low glucosinolate rapeseed-mustard cake as protein supplement on performance of growing crossbred calves. J. Sci. food and Agri., 88: 832-838.
    48. Reiter, B. (1985). Protective proteins in milk. Ins. Dairy Fed. Bull. 191: 2 - 35.
    49. Ruckebush, Y., Phaneuf, L.P. and Dunlop, R. (1991). Thyroid metabolic hormones. B.C. Decker Inc. Hamilton. Ontario. Philadelphia, PA, pp. 513.
    50. Sanchez, J.M. and Claypool, D.W. (1983). Canola meal as a protein supplement in dairy rations. J. Dairy Sci. 66: 80-85
    51. Schingoethe, D.J., Beardsley, G.L. and Muller, L.D. (1974). Evaluation of commercial rapeseed meal and bronowski variety rapeseed meal in calf rations. J. Nutr., 104:558–562.
    52. Sharma, K., Dutta, N., Patra, A.K., Singh, M., Pattanaik, A.K., Ravichandiran, S., Chauhan, J.S., Agnihotri, A. and Kumar, A. (2007). Effect of replacing soybean meal with Indian canola quality or high glucosinolate rapeseed- mustard meal on performance of growing crossbred calves. Liv. Res. for Rural Dev., 19 (10), lrrd.org/lrrd19/10/ cont1910.htm
    53. Sharma, A.D. and Pailan, G.H. (2004). Role of naturally occurring milk thiocyanate on activation of Lactoperoxidase system. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 57(3): 177-180.
    54. Song, M. K. and Kennelly, J. J. (1989). Effect of ammoniated barley silage on ruminal fermentation, nitrogen supply to the small intestine, ruminal and whole tract digestion, and milk production of Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 72(11): 2981-90.
    55. Sorensen, H. (1991). Glucosinolates: Structure - Properties - Functions. Canola and rapeseed production, chemistry, nutrition and processing technology: Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. pp. 149-172.
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