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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 23 issue 4 (december 2002) : 272-280

CROP-CROP DIVERSITY AS A KEY COMPONENT OF IPM - A REVIEW

M
M. Srinivasa Rao
K
K. Dharma Reddyl
T
T.v.K. Singhl
G
G. Subba Reddy
1Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), Santhoshnagar, Hyderabad, A.P. - 500 059, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Rao Srinivasa M., Reddyl Dharma K., Singhl T.v.K., Reddy Subba G. (2025). CROP-CROP DIVERSITY AS A KEY COMPONENT OF IPM - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 23(4): 272-280. doi: .

ABSTRACT

The reviewed literature indicates that the population of different insect pests is reduced in the presence of associated plants in crop-crop diversity which is brought mainly by intercropping. The pulses which are often grown in intercropping situations are mainly benefited if suitable intercrop is selected. The factors responsible for this pest suppression are many and among them the role of natural enemies and change in microclimate is significant. The natural enemies account for more cases than other factors. There are cases where intercropping has no or adverse effect on insect pests. Caution is required to select suitable associated crops for pest control in intercropping situations as most of them are location specific.

KEYWORDS

    REFERENCES

    1. AICPIP (1989). All India Coordinated Pulses Improvement Project, Regional Agricultural Research Station APAU,
    2. Lam, Guntur Annual Progress Report.
    3. AICPIP (1998). All India Coordinated Pulses Improvement Project, Pulse Entomology Annual Report.
    4. Aiyer. A.K.Y.M. (1949). IndianJ. Agric, Sci. 19: 439-443.
    5. Alderweireldt, M, (1994). J. Applied Ent. 118: 10 -16.
    6. Vol. 23, No.4, 2002 279
    7. Aighali, AM. (1993a). Insect Sci. Applieat. 14: 55-59.
    8. Aighali. AM. (1993b). Insect Sci. Applieat. 14: 49-54.
    9. Ali, M. (1990). The pigeonpea (Nene, Y.L. et ai, eels.) CAB International Wallingfordpp 279 - 301.
    10. Altieri, MA and Letourneau, OK (1982). Crop Prot. 1: 405 - 430.
    11. Altieri, M.A. etal (1978). Reid CropsRes. 1: 33 - 49.
    12. Altieri, M.A. (1987). Agroeeology. Boulder/London.
    13. Amoako-Arta, B. etal. (1983). Insect Sci. Applieat.4: 47 -57.
    14. Ampong-Nyarko, K. et al (1994). Ent. Expt/s. et Applieata 70: 179-184.
    15. Anddow, D. (983). Agrie. eeosys. and envi. 9:25-36.
    16. Balasubramanian, A etal. (1998).lndianJ Agrie. Sci. 68: 315 - 6.
    17. Baldy, e. and Stigter, C.J. (1997). Agrometeorology of Multiple Cropping in Warm Climates. Oxford and IBH
    18. Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. pp 237.
    19. Baliddawa. e.w. (1985). Insect Sci. Applieat. 6: 479 -487.
    20. Bhagwat, VR et al (1994). Int. Chiekpea and Pigeonpea News!. 1: 38 - 39.
    21. Bhatnagar, VS. and Davies, J.e. (1979). ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh India 31 pp.
    22. Bhatnagar, VS. and Davies, J.e. (1981). In: Proc. Int. Workshop on Intercropping. ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra
    23. Pradesh India p. 249 - 257.
    24. Bhatnagar, VS. et al. (1982). In: Proc. Int. Workshop on Helibthis Management 15-20 November 1981 ICRISAT,
    25. Patancheru India. pp 385 -396.
    26. Bugg, RL. etal (1991). J Econ. Ent. 84:08 - 416.
    27. Carr, P.M. etal (1993). J Prod. Agrie. 6: 67 -72.
    28. Castro, M.l. et al (1994) Turrialba 44 : 77 - 86
    29. Chandra, D. et al (1992). IRRI Newsletter 17: 19.
    30. Chaudhary, J.P. et al (1980). Legume Res. 3 : 59-65.
    31. Corbett, A and Plant, RE. (1993). Environ. Ent. 22: 519 - 531.
    32. Dahiya, KK et aI (1992). Proc. Nat. Symp. on Grcwth, Development and Control. Technology of Insect Pests: 232 - 235.
    33. Dash, A.N. et al (1987) Environ. Eeol 5: 526 - 530.
    34. Dent, D. (1991). Insect Pest Management. CAB International Wallingford. UK pp 604.
    35. Deokar, AB. et al. (1983). Int. Pigeonpea Newsl 2: 61 - 62
    36. Dhawan, A.K et aI (1998). Proc. Int. Congr. Ecol. Agric.: toward, Su.,1ainable Development, Chandigarh, India 435 - 448.
    37. Dhuri, A.v. et al (1986). Ind. J Ent. 48: 329-338.
    38. Duffield, SJ. (1993). Int. Pigeonpea Newsl 18: 30 - 31.
    39. Duffield, S.J. (1994) Ent. Exper. Applic. 72: 289 - 96.
    40. Duffield, S.J. (1995). Int. Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newsl. 2: 74 - 76.
    41. Duffield, S.J. and Reddy, y.v.R (1997). Crop Res. 14: 315- 335
    42. Emeasor, Ke. and Ezueh, M.l. (1997). Trop. Agric. 74: 285 - 289.
    43. Ezueh, M.1. and Taylor, AT. (1984). Trop. Agric. 61: 82 - 86
    44. Fisher, N.M. et al. (1987). Exp. Agrie. 23: 9-20.
    45. Foye, R.E. (1972). PANS 18: 143 - 146.
    46. Francis, CA (1989). Adv. Agr. 42: 1- 42.
    47. Fukai, S. and Trenbath, B,R (1993). Field Crops Res. 34: 247 - 271.
    48. Gavarra, M.R and Raros, R.S. (1975). Philippines Ent. 2: 427 - 444.
    49. Gold, e.S. et al. (1990). Int. J Pest Manag. 36:362 - 367.
    50. Grant, R.H. and Seevers, KP. (1990). Agrie. Forest Meteor. 49: 191 - 203.
    51. Hegde, Rand Lingappa, S. (1996). Kamataka J Agric Sci. 9: 616 - 621.
    52. Hegde, R et al (1996). Insect Env. 2: 53.
    53. Hohmann, e.L. etal. (1980). Analsda Sociedade Ent. do Brasil, 9 : 143 - 153
    54. Jagdish, KS. et al. (1995). Crop Res. 10 : 80 - 84.
    55. Jambhrunkar, S.R. et al (1998). J Soils and Crops 8: 50 - 52.
    56. Karel, AK (1984). Annals of Rep. Bean Imp. Coop. 27: 189-190.
    57. Karel, AK (1993). Env. Ent. 22: 1076-1083.
    58. Kayumbo, H.Y. (1975). Proc. Symp.lntercroppinginSemi-aridAreas, Morogoro, Tanzania 10 -12 May. 1976.
    59. Kumar, Y. et al. (1992). J Insect Sci. 5: 214 - 216,
    60. Kyamanywar, S. and Tukahirwa (1988), InsectSci. Applic. 9: 255-259.
    61. Letourneau, OK and Altieri, M.A. (1983). Env. Ent. 12:1464-1469.
    62. Levins, R and Wilson, M. (1980), Ann. Rev. Ent. 25: 287-309.
    63. 280 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
    64. Litsinger, J.A. and Moody, K (1976). ASA Special Publication 27: 293-316.
    65. Mahadevan, N.R. and Chelliah, S. (1986). Trop. Pest Mgmt. 32: 162 - 163.
    66. Manoharan, T. and Chandramohan, N. (1991). Madras Agric. J. 78: 1- 4.
    67. Matteson, L. (1982). Trop. Pest Mgmt. 28: 372- 380.
    68. Mohammed, G. and Rao, A.S. (1998). Int. Chickpea and Pigeonpea News/. 5: 46 - 48.
    69. Nath, P. and Singh, A.K. (1998). Annis. PI. Prot. Sci. 6: 151- 154.
    70. 0100, G.w. and Ogeda, K (1990). Trop. Pest Mgmt. 36: 244 - 248
    71. Omolo, E.O. et al. (1993). Trop. Pest Mgmt. 39: 265 - 272.
    72. Ong, C.K. et a/. (1991). Agric. Forest Meteo. 56: 49 - 66.
    73. Parajulee, M.N. et al. (1997). Int. J. Pest Mgmt. 43 : 227 - 232.
    74. Patnaik, N.C. et al. (1989). Int. Pigeonpea Newsl. 9: 24 - 25.
    75. Pawar, C.S. (1993). Int. Pigeonpea Newsl. 18: 33 - 35.
    76. Pawar, C.S. et al. (1989). Indian J. Ent. 51: 416 - 421.
    77. Rao Ramana, BV. and Rao Srinivasa, M. (1996). In: Climate Variability and Agriculture (Abrol, YP. et aI., eds.)
    78. Narosa Pub. Hs. New Delhi, India. pp 281 - 294.
    79. Risch, S.J. (1981). Eco/~y62:1325-1340.
    80. Risch,S.J. eta/. (1983). Env. Ent. 12: 625 - 629.
    81. Romeis, J. et al. (1999). Ent. Expt. et Applicata 90: 69 - 81.
    82. Root, RB. (1973). Eco/~y(Monograph) 43 : 95-124
    83. Russell, E.P. (1989). Env. Ent. 18: 590 - 599.
    84. Sachan, J.N. (1992). In: Helicoverpa Management Current Status and Future Strategies (ed. Sacahn, J.N.) Proc. Arst
    85. Nat. Workshop Kanpur, India DPR pp 7 - 23.
    86. Satpathy, J.M. et aI. (1977). J Ent. Res. 1: 78 - 85.
    87. Satyanarayana, J. et al. (1997). Indian J. Ent. 59: 316 - 325.
    88. Satyanarayana, J. etal. (1998). IndianJ. Ent. 60: 69-73.
    89. Saxena, KB. et al. (1992). Pigeonpea Adoption and Productoin Studies in Sri Lanka. Department of Agriculture
    90. ICRISAT, AP.
    91. Sekhar, J.C. etal. (1997).lndianJ Ent. 59: 119 - 123
    92. Sekhar, P.R. et a/. (1995). Indian J. Pulses Res. 8: 41 - 44.
    93. Shanower, T.G. (1996). In: Plant Protection and Environment (Reddy, D.v.Retal., eds.) PPAI, NPPTI Hyderabad.
    94. pp.163-68.
    95. Sharma, H.C. (1998). Crop Prot. 17: 373 - 386.
    96. Sharma, V.K. and Pandey, S.N. (1993).lndianJ Ent. 55: 170-173.
    97. Singh, KM. and Singh, RN. (1977). Indian J. Ent. 39: 365-370.
    98. Singh, O.P. etal. (1990). Legume Res. 13: 21-24.
    99. Singh, RN. and Singh, KM. (1978). Indian J. Ent. 40: 361 -375.
    100. Singh, TV.K. et al. (1991). Indian J. Ent. 53: 18 - 44.
    101. Srinivasa Rao, M. et al. (1999). In: Afty years of Dryland Agricultural Research in India (Singh, H.P. et aI., OOs.)
    102. CRIDA, Hyderabad India. pp 163 - 178.
    103. Srinivasa Rao, M. (2001). Ph 0 Thesis, Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India.
    104. Steiner, KG. (1985). RFA Edpp 347. .
    105. Stern, V.M. (1969). Proc. TaU Timbers con. Ecol. animal control Habitat /tI[gmt. 1:59-69.
    106. Taylor, T.A. (1977). African Envi. 2-3: 111- 126.
    107. Thomas, M.B. etal. (1991). J. Applied Ecol. 38: 906 - 917.
    108. Tonhasca Jr, A. (1993). Ent. Expet/s et Applicata 69: 83-90.
    109. Trenbath, B.R (1993). Aeld Crops Res. 34: 381 - 405.
    110. Vandermeer, J. (1989). The Ecology of Intercropping. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge pp 237.
    111. Venugopal Rao, N. et al. (1995). Indian J. Plant Prot. 23: 122 - 125' .
    112. Venugopal Rao, N. et a/. (1992). In: Proc. Arst Nat. Workshop held at Directorate of Pulses Research Kanpur, India pp 68 -74.
    113. Vilma castro, Scott, A.I. and Michael, E.!. (1991). AFD57: 49 - 67.
    114. Wilken, G.C. (1972). Ge~raphicalRev. 62: 544-560.
    115. Yadav, L.S. etal. (1992).lndianJ. Ent. 54: 109-114.
    116. Yadva, RP. et al. (1992). ;:toc. Nat. Symp. on Growth, Development and Control. Techno/~y ofInsect Pests. pp
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      volume 23 issue 4 (december 2002) : 272-280

      CROP-CROP DIVERSITY AS A KEY COMPONENT OF IPM - A REVIEW

      M
      M. Srinivasa Rao
      K
      K. Dharma Reddyl
      T
      T.v.K. Singhl
      G
      G. Subba Reddy
      1Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), Santhoshnagar, Hyderabad, A.P. - 500 059, India

      • Submitted|

      • First Online |

      • doi

      Cite article:- Rao Srinivasa M., Reddyl Dharma K., Singhl T.v.K., Reddy Subba G. (2025). CROP-CROP DIVERSITY AS A KEY COMPONENT OF IPM - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 23(4): 272-280. doi: .

      ABSTRACT

      The reviewed literature indicates that the population of different insect pests is reduced in the presence of associated plants in crop-crop diversity which is brought mainly by intercropping. The pulses which are often grown in intercropping situations are mainly benefited if suitable intercrop is selected. The factors responsible for this pest suppression are many and among them the role of natural enemies and change in microclimate is significant. The natural enemies account for more cases than other factors. There are cases where intercropping has no or adverse effect on insect pests. Caution is required to select suitable associated crops for pest control in intercropping situations as most of them are location specific.

      KEYWORDS

        REFERENCES

        1. AICPIP (1989). All India Coordinated Pulses Improvement Project, Regional Agricultural Research Station APAU,
        2. Lam, Guntur Annual Progress Report.
        3. AICPIP (1998). All India Coordinated Pulses Improvement Project, Pulse Entomology Annual Report.
        4. Aiyer. A.K.Y.M. (1949). IndianJ. Agric, Sci. 19: 439-443.
        5. Alderweireldt, M, (1994). J. Applied Ent. 118: 10 -16.
        6. Vol. 23, No.4, 2002 279
        7. Aighali, AM. (1993a). Insect Sci. Applieat. 14: 55-59.
        8. Aighali. AM. (1993b). Insect Sci. Applieat. 14: 49-54.
        9. Ali, M. (1990). The pigeonpea (Nene, Y.L. et ai, eels.) CAB International Wallingfordpp 279 - 301.
        10. Altieri, MA and Letourneau, OK (1982). Crop Prot. 1: 405 - 430.
        11. Altieri, M.A. etal (1978). Reid CropsRes. 1: 33 - 49.
        12. Altieri, M.A. (1987). Agroeeology. Boulder/London.
        13. Amoako-Arta, B. etal. (1983). Insect Sci. Applieat.4: 47 -57.
        14. Ampong-Nyarko, K. et al (1994). Ent. Expt/s. et Applieata 70: 179-184.
        15. Anddow, D. (983). Agrie. eeosys. and envi. 9:25-36.
        16. Balasubramanian, A etal. (1998).lndianJ Agrie. Sci. 68: 315 - 6.
        17. Baldy, e. and Stigter, C.J. (1997). Agrometeorology of Multiple Cropping in Warm Climates. Oxford and IBH
        18. Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. pp 237.
        19. Baliddawa. e.w. (1985). Insect Sci. Applieat. 6: 479 -487.
        20. Bhagwat, VR et al (1994). Int. Chiekpea and Pigeonpea News!. 1: 38 - 39.
        21. Bhatnagar, VS. and Davies, J.e. (1979). ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh India 31 pp.
        22. Bhatnagar, VS. and Davies, J.e. (1981). In: Proc. Int. Workshop on Intercropping. ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra
        23. Pradesh India p. 249 - 257.
        24. Bhatnagar, VS. et al. (1982). In: Proc. Int. Workshop on Helibthis Management 15-20 November 1981 ICRISAT,
        25. Patancheru India. pp 385 -396.
        26. Bugg, RL. etal (1991). J Econ. Ent. 84:08 - 416.
        27. Carr, P.M. etal (1993). J Prod. Agrie. 6: 67 -72.
        28. Castro, M.l. et al (1994) Turrialba 44 : 77 - 86
        29. Chandra, D. et al (1992). IRRI Newsletter 17: 19.
        30. Chaudhary, J.P. et al (1980). Legume Res. 3 : 59-65.
        31. Corbett, A and Plant, RE. (1993). Environ. Ent. 22: 519 - 531.
        32. Dahiya, KK et aI (1992). Proc. Nat. Symp. on Grcwth, Development and Control. Technology of Insect Pests: 232 - 235.
        33. Dash, A.N. et al (1987) Environ. Eeol 5: 526 - 530.
        34. Dent, D. (1991). Insect Pest Management. CAB International Wallingford. UK pp 604.
        35. Deokar, AB. et al. (1983). Int. Pigeonpea Newsl 2: 61 - 62
        36. Dhawan, A.K et aI (1998). Proc. Int. Congr. Ecol. Agric.: toward, Su.,1ainable Development, Chandigarh, India 435 - 448.
        37. Dhuri, A.v. et al (1986). Ind. J Ent. 48: 329-338.
        38. Duffield, SJ. (1993). Int. Pigeonpea Newsl 18: 30 - 31.
        39. Duffield, S.J. (1994) Ent. Exper. Applic. 72: 289 - 96.
        40. Duffield, S.J. (1995). Int. Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newsl. 2: 74 - 76.
        41. Duffield, S.J. and Reddy, y.v.R (1997). Crop Res. 14: 315- 335
        42. Emeasor, Ke. and Ezueh, M.l. (1997). Trop. Agric. 74: 285 - 289.
        43. Ezueh, M.1. and Taylor, AT. (1984). Trop. Agric. 61: 82 - 86
        44. Fisher, N.M. et al. (1987). Exp. Agrie. 23: 9-20.
        45. Foye, R.E. (1972). PANS 18: 143 - 146.
        46. Francis, CA (1989). Adv. Agr. 42: 1- 42.
        47. Fukai, S. and Trenbath, B,R (1993). Field Crops Res. 34: 247 - 271.
        48. Gavarra, M.R and Raros, R.S. (1975). Philippines Ent. 2: 427 - 444.
        49. Gold, e.S. et al. (1990). Int. J Pest Manag. 36:362 - 367.
        50. Grant, R.H. and Seevers, KP. (1990). Agrie. Forest Meteor. 49: 191 - 203.
        51. Hegde, Rand Lingappa, S. (1996). Kamataka J Agric Sci. 9: 616 - 621.
        52. Hegde, R et al (1996). Insect Env. 2: 53.
        53. Hohmann, e.L. etal. (1980). Analsda Sociedade Ent. do Brasil, 9 : 143 - 153
        54. Jagdish, KS. et al. (1995). Crop Res. 10 : 80 - 84.
        55. Jambhrunkar, S.R. et al (1998). J Soils and Crops 8: 50 - 52.
        56. Karel, AK (1984). Annals of Rep. Bean Imp. Coop. 27: 189-190.
        57. Karel, AK (1993). Env. Ent. 22: 1076-1083.
        58. Kayumbo, H.Y. (1975). Proc. Symp.lntercroppinginSemi-aridAreas, Morogoro, Tanzania 10 -12 May. 1976.
        59. Kumar, Y. et al. (1992). J Insect Sci. 5: 214 - 216,
        60. Kyamanywar, S. and Tukahirwa (1988), InsectSci. Applic. 9: 255-259.
        61. Letourneau, OK and Altieri, M.A. (1983). Env. Ent. 12:1464-1469.
        62. Levins, R and Wilson, M. (1980), Ann. Rev. Ent. 25: 287-309.
        63. 280 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
        64. Litsinger, J.A. and Moody, K (1976). ASA Special Publication 27: 293-316.
        65. Mahadevan, N.R. and Chelliah, S. (1986). Trop. Pest Mgmt. 32: 162 - 163.
        66. Manoharan, T. and Chandramohan, N. (1991). Madras Agric. J. 78: 1- 4.
        67. Matteson, L. (1982). Trop. Pest Mgmt. 28: 372- 380.
        68. Mohammed, G. and Rao, A.S. (1998). Int. Chickpea and Pigeonpea News/. 5: 46 - 48.
        69. Nath, P. and Singh, A.K. (1998). Annis. PI. Prot. Sci. 6: 151- 154.
        70. 0100, G.w. and Ogeda, K (1990). Trop. Pest Mgmt. 36: 244 - 248
        71. Omolo, E.O. et al. (1993). Trop. Pest Mgmt. 39: 265 - 272.
        72. Ong, C.K. et a/. (1991). Agric. Forest Meteo. 56: 49 - 66.
        73. Parajulee, M.N. et al. (1997). Int. J. Pest Mgmt. 43 : 227 - 232.
        74. Patnaik, N.C. et al. (1989). Int. Pigeonpea Newsl. 9: 24 - 25.
        75. Pawar, C.S. (1993). Int. Pigeonpea Newsl. 18: 33 - 35.
        76. Pawar, C.S. et al. (1989). Indian J. Ent. 51: 416 - 421.
        77. Rao Ramana, BV. and Rao Srinivasa, M. (1996). In: Climate Variability and Agriculture (Abrol, YP. et aI., eds.)
        78. Narosa Pub. Hs. New Delhi, India. pp 281 - 294.
        79. Risch, S.J. (1981). Eco/~y62:1325-1340.
        80. Risch,S.J. eta/. (1983). Env. Ent. 12: 625 - 629.
        81. Romeis, J. et al. (1999). Ent. Expt. et Applicata 90: 69 - 81.
        82. Root, RB. (1973). Eco/~y(Monograph) 43 : 95-124
        83. Russell, E.P. (1989). Env. Ent. 18: 590 - 599.
        84. Sachan, J.N. (1992). In: Helicoverpa Management Current Status and Future Strategies (ed. Sacahn, J.N.) Proc. Arst
        85. Nat. Workshop Kanpur, India DPR pp 7 - 23.
        86. Satpathy, J.M. et aI. (1977). J Ent. Res. 1: 78 - 85.
        87. Satyanarayana, J. et al. (1997). Indian J. Ent. 59: 316 - 325.
        88. Satyanarayana, J. etal. (1998). IndianJ. Ent. 60: 69-73.
        89. Saxena, KB. et al. (1992). Pigeonpea Adoption and Productoin Studies in Sri Lanka. Department of Agriculture
        90. ICRISAT, AP.
        91. Sekhar, J.C. etal. (1997).lndianJ Ent. 59: 119 - 123
        92. Sekhar, P.R. et a/. (1995). Indian J. Pulses Res. 8: 41 - 44.
        93. Shanower, T.G. (1996). In: Plant Protection and Environment (Reddy, D.v.Retal., eds.) PPAI, NPPTI Hyderabad.
        94. pp.163-68.
        95. Sharma, H.C. (1998). Crop Prot. 17: 373 - 386.
        96. Sharma, V.K. and Pandey, S.N. (1993).lndianJ Ent. 55: 170-173.
        97. Singh, KM. and Singh, RN. (1977). Indian J. Ent. 39: 365-370.
        98. Singh, O.P. etal. (1990). Legume Res. 13: 21-24.
        99. Singh, RN. and Singh, KM. (1978). Indian J. Ent. 40: 361 -375.
        100. Singh, TV.K. et al. (1991). Indian J. Ent. 53: 18 - 44.
        101. Srinivasa Rao, M. et al. (1999). In: Afty years of Dryland Agricultural Research in India (Singh, H.P. et aI., OOs.)
        102. CRIDA, Hyderabad India. pp 163 - 178.
        103. Srinivasa Rao, M. (2001). Ph 0 Thesis, Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India.
        104. Steiner, KG. (1985). RFA Edpp 347. .
        105. Stern, V.M. (1969). Proc. TaU Timbers con. Ecol. animal control Habitat /tI[gmt. 1:59-69.
        106. Taylor, T.A. (1977). African Envi. 2-3: 111- 126.
        107. Thomas, M.B. etal. (1991). J. Applied Ecol. 38: 906 - 917.
        108. Tonhasca Jr, A. (1993). Ent. Expet/s et Applicata 69: 83-90.
        109. Trenbath, B.R (1993). Aeld Crops Res. 34: 381 - 405.
        110. Vandermeer, J. (1989). The Ecology of Intercropping. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge pp 237.
        111. Venugopal Rao, N. et al. (1995). Indian J. Plant Prot. 23: 122 - 125' .
        112. Venugopal Rao, N. et a/. (1992). In: Proc. Arst Nat. Workshop held at Directorate of Pulses Research Kanpur, India pp 68 -74.
        113. Vilma castro, Scott, A.I. and Michael, E.!. (1991). AFD57: 49 - 67.
        114. Wilken, G.C. (1972). Ge~raphicalRev. 62: 544-560.
        115. Yadav, L.S. etal. (1992).lndianJ. Ent. 54: 109-114.
        116. Yadva, RP. et al. (1992). ;:toc. Nat. Symp. on Growth, Development and Control. Techno/~y ofInsect Pests. pp
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