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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 24 issue 3 (september 2003) : 190-196

WEED MANAGEMENT IN mCE - FISH - AZOLLA FARMING SYSTEM - A REVIEW

C
C. Sivakumar
A
A.· Solaimalai
1Department of Agronomy Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar - 608 002, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Sivakumar C., Solaimalai A.· (2025). WEED MANAGEMENT IN mCE - FISH - AZOLLA FARMING SYSTEM - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 24(3): 190-196. doi: .

ABSTRACT

Rice-fish-azolla fanning system increases total production, decreases inorganic fertilizer and pesticide requirements, reduces the incidence of insect pests and weeds, gives additional fish yield and improvement of soil fertility and higher economic benefit. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) effectively controls most of the aquatic weeds. Dual cropping of azalia in rice fields add benefit of suppressing weed growth besides fixing atmospheric ‘N’. A review of research on weed management in rice-fish-azalia farming system has been presented in this paper.

KEYWORDS

    REFERENCES

    1. Ali, A.B. (1988). In: Int. Rice-Fish Farming Workshop. Abstr. Thailand, P: 21-25.
    2. Ali, A.B. (1990). Ambio, 19: 404-408.
    3. Almazan, G.J. etal. (1986). In: First Asian Fisheries Forum. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines, P: 523-528.
    4. Anonymous, (1980). Annual Report. IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines, P: 26-29
    5. Anonymous, (1981). IRRI Res. Paper Series, No. 68. P: 7, 16 and 26-28.
    6. Areco. !.M. etal. (1979). In: Proc. 7lh Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, Sydney, Australia, P: 285-287.
    7. AwauIt, J.w. etal (1966). In: Proc. FAO Symp. on Warm Water Fish Pond Culture. Fish Rep. FAO, 44: 109-122.
    8. Azad, B.S. etal (1989). SeedsandFarms, 15(7-8): 29-32. .
    9. Balasubramanian, A. (1994). In: Proc. Summer Institute on Integrated Farming System Research and Management
    10. for Sustainable Agriculture, June 6-15, Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ., Coimbatore, P: 278-284.
    11. Biswas, S. (1990). In: 21" Asian Rice Farming Systems Working Group Meeting, Nov. 13-17, Hat yai. Thailand, pp:
    12. 275-277.
    13. Bowen, S.H. and A1Iasnson, B.R. (1982). Environ. Bioi. Fishes, 7: 357-362.
    14. Cagauan, A.G. and Nerona V.L. (1986). F'IShRes. J. PhiUipp., 11(1-2): 29-33.
    15. Chakraborty, P.K. and Ghosh, A. (1981). In: Proc. Summer Institute on Farming System. July 6 - Aug. 4, CIFRI,
    16. Barrackpore, pp: 345-360.
    17. Chandran, K.M. et al (1985). In: Proc. of Annual Conference of Indian Soc. Weed Sci., Anand, GUjarat, India (Weed
    18. Abstr., 35: 1481).
    19. Chatterjee, B.N. and Mandai, B.K. (1988). In: Proc. of National Seminar on FarrningSystem for SemiArid Tropics.
    20. Indian Council of Agric. Res. and Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ., Coimbatore, pp: 17.
    21. Chela, G.S. and Gill, H.S. (1980). /ndianJ. Weed Sci., 12(1): 7-14.
    22. Chizhov, N.!. et al. (1972). In: Proc. 7'h All Union Conference on the Acclimatization of Herbivorous Fish Kishinev, pp. 136-139.
    23. CRRI (1994). The Hindu, Sep. 7th , P: 6.
    24. Das, D.N. etal (1993). /ndianAgric., 37: 15-20.
    25. Datta, S.N. and Tripathy, N.K. (1986). IRRN, 11:37. Vol. 24, No.3, 2003 195
    26. Datta. S.K. et al (1984). IRRN, 9(2): 23-24.
    27. Dela Cruz, C.R. and Cagauan. A.G. (1992). In: Proc. 23n1 AsIan Rice Farming Systems Working Group Meeting,Oct: 12-17. Vietnam. pp: 124-135.
    28. Divakaran, KR. and Sundaram, M.D. (1995). In: Proc. of VI Bienn. Conf. of Indian Soc. Weed Sci., Feb. 9-10,
    29. Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, pp: 25. .
    30. Dubbers, FAA etal. (1980). In: Proc. 51h Int. Symp. on the BioI. Control of Weeds, Brisbane, Australia, P. 261-271.
    31. Erlinda, F. etal (1983). PhdUpp. J. WeedSci., 83: 3~11.
    32. Fagi, A.M. etal (1989). In: Proc. 20'h Asian Rice Farming Systems Working Group Meeting, October 2-7, Indonesia,
    33. pp: 171-188. .
    34. Fagi, AM. et al (1992). Int. Centre for living Aquatic Resources Mgmt, 24:273-286.
    35. FAO (1988). FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAPA) Bulletin No: 4, FAO/RAPA, Bangkok, Thailand,
    36. pp: 34-36.
    37. Fatemi, H. (1983). Iranian J. PI. Pathol., 19(1/4): 20-28.
    38. Fedoruk, A. and Leelapatra, W. (1992). Int. Centre lor living Aquatic Resources Mgmt., 24: 91-104.
    39. Gavina, L.D. (1990). Int. Centre lor living Aquatic Resources Mgmt., 13(2): 18-20.
    40. Heddy, S. et al (1979). Agrivita, 2(1): 8-10.
    41. Hickling, C.F. (1961). Tropical In1and FISheries, Longman, London, pp: 287.
    42. Hickling, C.F. (1971).F'1sh Cultl.lre. Feher arxI Feher, London.
    43. Huashan, S.etal (1992)./RRN, 17(1): 28-29.
    44. Janiya, J.D. arxI Moody,K (1981)./RRN, 6(5): 23-24.
    45. Janiya, J.D. and Moody, K (19~). Trop. Pest Management, 30(1): 1-6.
    46. Janiya, J.D. and Moody, K (1986). IRRN, 11(1) : 28-29.
    47. Jeyararnan, S. (1991). MadrasAgric. J., 78: 9-12.
    48. Jiteridra Pandey and Sokla, K (1990). /ndianJ. Weed Sci., 22(3&4): 34-37.
    49. Joha, C.S. (1986). MS Thesis, Univ. Gottingen, West Germany.
    50. Kanniyan, S. et al (1983). IRRN, 8(4): 21
    51. Kapusta, G. etal (1982). WeedSci., 30: 54-58.
    52. Khattab, A.F. et al (1981). In:Proc. of 4th Afro-AsIan Regional Conf. Int. Commn. on Irrigation and Drainage,
    53. . Lagos, Nigeria. pp: 215-226.
    54. Kiran Dube (1995). Indian Fmg., 45(8k 12-15.
    55. Krishnarajan, J. and Balasubrarnaniam, P. (1983)./RRN. 8(4):24.
    56. Kum Kum Shah etal (1996). /ndianFmg., 46(2): 30-31 & 36.
    57. Lang, N.J. and Seaman, D.E. (1964). Pl.PhysioJ., 31: 671-675.
    58. Lasher, C.W. (1967). Prog. FISh Cub., 29: 48-50;
    59. Latha, KR. (1985). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, TNAU, Coimbatore.
    60. Lightfoot, C. etal (1990). Int. Centre lor living Aquatic Resources Magmt., 13(4): 12-13.
    61. Likangmin (1988). Aquaculture, 71:173-186.
    62. Liu, C.C. (1985). In: Proc. of the Workshop on Azolla Use, Fuzhou, Fujian, China, pp:67-76.
    63. Liu, Z. and Zheng, W. (1989). Azolla in China. Agriculture Press, Beijing, pp: 429.
    64. Liu Chand Chu (1995). In : Rice Management Biotechnology (Kanniyan .•S. ed.), Associated Publishing Co,
    65. New Delhi, pp: 293-298.
    66. Lu, S.S. and Haung, C.P. (1988).J. oIEcok!gy(China), 7(4): 26-29.
    67. Lumpkin, T.K. andPlucknett, DL(1980). £Co. Bot, 34: 111-153..
    68. Manjappa, Ketal (1987). IRRN, 12(4): 63-64.
    69. Mather, AS. et al (1989). IRRN, 6(5): 23-24.
    70. Mathew, P.M. (1991). J. Inland FISh Soc. (India), 2: 113-119.
    71. Mathur, KC. (1996). !CAR NewsJ., 2(1): 1-3.
    72. Mehrotra, R.K. and Ghosh, A.K. (1977). AllahabadFarmer, 48: 435-436.
    73. Mishra, B.P. and Singh, V.K. (1989). IndianJ. Agron., 34(4): 457-458.
    74. Mitre, A. etal (1992). Aquaculture, 75: 162-163.
    75. Moraes, S. De. (1976). Lavoura-Arrozeira, 29(4): .17-18.
    76. Mukhopadhyay, S.K. and De Datta, G.t. (1979). IRRN, 4(1): 11-12.
    77. Murthy, H.S. and Devaraj, KV. (1991). Fish Techno/. (Kochi), 28(2): 106-110.
    78. Nagogi Dinh (1979). Bio-trop. BuD., 11: 201-208.
    79. Nazeer, M. and Prasad, N.N. (1984). Phykos, 23(10-12): 269-272.
    80. Nguyen, C.T. (1930). BuD. £Con. Indo-China, 3: 335-350.
    81. 196 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
    82. Nie Da-Shu et a/. (1985). In : Proc. of Asian Shymp. on Fresh Water Fish Culture, Beijing.
    83. Nie,D. et al (1992). Int Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Mgmt., 24: 173-175.
    84. Olsen, C. (1972). Compt. Rend. 711. Carisberg LAb., 37: 269-283.
    85. Panda, M.M. etal (1987). PI. Soil, 102: 131-132.
    86. Peters, GA and Calvert, HI. (1982). The azolIa-Anabaena azollaesymbiosis. Physiological Society of America, Spl.
    87. Volume.
    88. Peters, G.A. et al (1986). PI. Soil, 90: 17-34.
    89. Piepho, HP. and Alkamper, J. (1991). J. Agroh Crop Sci., 166: 289-299.
    90. Piepho, H.P. (1993). IRRN, 18(1): 54-55.
    91. Purushothaman, S. and Hosmani, M.M. (1990). Indian J. Agric., 34(3): 305-306.
    92. Ramiah, S. and Muthukrishnan, P. (1992).lndianJ. AgrorJ:, 37: 317-319.
    93. Rekha Ghosh et al (1994). Indian Fmg., 44(4): 23-26.
    94. Ruddle, K (1982). Agric. Admin., 10: 1-11.
    95. Sarkar, A.I. and Jana, S. (1985). Sci. Reptr., 22: 428-429.
    96. Satapathy, KB. (1993). IndianJ. Pi Physiol,36:98-102
    97. Satapathy, KB. and Singh, P.K. (1985). J. Aquatic PI. Mgmt., 23: 40-42.
    98. Satyaram, H etal (1989). Oryza, 26: 323-326.
    99. Schwartz, D.P. etal (1989). Prog. Ash Cult., 48(4): 259-263..
    100. Shanmugasundaram, VS. and Ravi. K. (1992).lnt. Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Mgmt., 15(8): 29.
    101. Shanmugasundaram, VS. and BaIU&amy, M. (1993a). Farming Systems, 9(3&4): 105-107.
    102. Shanmugasundararn, VS. and Halusamy, M. (1993b)./RRN, 18(3): 40.
    103. Shanmugasundaram, V.S. and Balusamy, M. (1993c). Int. Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Mgmt., 16(2-3): 23.
    104. Sharma, G. and Singh, R.P. (1981). In: Proc. 8th Asian-Pacific Weed Sci. Soc. Conf., Bangalore., India, Nov. 22-29, Vol. II, pp: 109-111.
    105. Singh, D.P. and Singh, P.K. (1995). lndianJ. Agric. Sci.; 65: 10-16.
    106. Singh, P.K. (1982). Indian Fmg., 32(7): 2-9.
    107. Sinhababu, D.P. eta/. (1983). Oryza, 20: 144-150.
    108. Siripatra, D. and Vander, HJ. (1989). Nutrient Management for Food Crop Production in Tropical Farming Systems, Macmillan, London. pp: 331-334.
    109. Srinivasan, G. (1986). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, TNAU, Coimbatore.
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    112. Srinivasan, K and Veerabadran, V. (1995). In : Proc. of VI Bienn. ConL of Indian Soc. Weed Sci., Feb. 9-10,
    113. Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, pp: 19.
    114. Srinivasan, V (1983). In: Proc. of Ann. Conf. of Indian Soc. Weed Sci., pp: 13.
    115. Talley, S.N. et al (1977). In: Genetic Engineering for Nitrogen Fixation. Plenum Press Publication, New York, USA. pp: 259-281. •
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    117. Venkataramanan, S. and Kanniayall, S. (1984). CUll. Sci., 53: 548-549.
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    120. Xiao Qing Yuan (1992). Int. Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Mgmt, 24: 235-243.
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    122. Zon,J.c.J. (1984). Tropical Pest Mgmt., 30: 179-185.
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      volume 24 issue 3 (september 2003) : 190-196

      WEED MANAGEMENT IN mCE - FISH - AZOLLA FARMING SYSTEM - A REVIEW

      C
      C. Sivakumar
      A
      A.· Solaimalai
      1Department of Agronomy Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar - 608 002, India

      • Submitted|

      • First Online |

      • doi

      Cite article:- Sivakumar C., Solaimalai A.· (2025). WEED MANAGEMENT IN mCE - FISH - AZOLLA FARMING SYSTEM - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 24(3): 190-196. doi: .

      ABSTRACT

      Rice-fish-azolla fanning system increases total production, decreases inorganic fertilizer and pesticide requirements, reduces the incidence of insect pests and weeds, gives additional fish yield and improvement of soil fertility and higher economic benefit. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) effectively controls most of the aquatic weeds. Dual cropping of azalia in rice fields add benefit of suppressing weed growth besides fixing atmospheric ‘N’. A review of research on weed management in rice-fish-azalia farming system has been presented in this paper.

      KEYWORDS

        REFERENCES

        1. Ali, A.B. (1988). In: Int. Rice-Fish Farming Workshop. Abstr. Thailand, P: 21-25.
        2. Ali, A.B. (1990). Ambio, 19: 404-408.
        3. Almazan, G.J. etal. (1986). In: First Asian Fisheries Forum. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines, P: 523-528.
        4. Anonymous, (1980). Annual Report. IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines, P: 26-29
        5. Anonymous, (1981). IRRI Res. Paper Series, No. 68. P: 7, 16 and 26-28.
        6. Areco. !.M. etal. (1979). In: Proc. 7lh Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, Sydney, Australia, P: 285-287.
        7. AwauIt, J.w. etal (1966). In: Proc. FAO Symp. on Warm Water Fish Pond Culture. Fish Rep. FAO, 44: 109-122.
        8. Azad, B.S. etal (1989). SeedsandFarms, 15(7-8): 29-32. .
        9. Balasubramanian, A. (1994). In: Proc. Summer Institute on Integrated Farming System Research and Management
        10. for Sustainable Agriculture, June 6-15, Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ., Coimbatore, P: 278-284.
        11. Biswas, S. (1990). In: 21" Asian Rice Farming Systems Working Group Meeting, Nov. 13-17, Hat yai. Thailand, pp:
        12. 275-277.
        13. Bowen, S.H. and A1Iasnson, B.R. (1982). Environ. Bioi. Fishes, 7: 357-362.
        14. Cagauan, A.G. and Nerona V.L. (1986). F'IShRes. J. PhiUipp., 11(1-2): 29-33.
        15. Chakraborty, P.K. and Ghosh, A. (1981). In: Proc. Summer Institute on Farming System. July 6 - Aug. 4, CIFRI,
        16. Barrackpore, pp: 345-360.
        17. Chandran, K.M. et al (1985). In: Proc. of Annual Conference of Indian Soc. Weed Sci., Anand, GUjarat, India (Weed
        18. Abstr., 35: 1481).
        19. Chatterjee, B.N. and Mandai, B.K. (1988). In: Proc. of National Seminar on FarrningSystem for SemiArid Tropics.
        20. Indian Council of Agric. Res. and Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ., Coimbatore, pp: 17.
        21. Chela, G.S. and Gill, H.S. (1980). /ndianJ. Weed Sci., 12(1): 7-14.
        22. Chizhov, N.!. et al. (1972). In: Proc. 7'h All Union Conference on the Acclimatization of Herbivorous Fish Kishinev, pp. 136-139.
        23. CRRI (1994). The Hindu, Sep. 7th , P: 6.
        24. Das, D.N. etal (1993). /ndianAgric., 37: 15-20.
        25. Datta, S.N. and Tripathy, N.K. (1986). IRRN, 11:37. Vol. 24, No.3, 2003 195
        26. Datta. S.K. et al (1984). IRRN, 9(2): 23-24.
        27. Dela Cruz, C.R. and Cagauan. A.G. (1992). In: Proc. 23n1 AsIan Rice Farming Systems Working Group Meeting,Oct: 12-17. Vietnam. pp: 124-135.
        28. Divakaran, KR. and Sundaram, M.D. (1995). In: Proc. of VI Bienn. Conf. of Indian Soc. Weed Sci., Feb. 9-10,
        29. Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, pp: 25. .
        30. Dubbers, FAA etal. (1980). In: Proc. 51h Int. Symp. on the BioI. Control of Weeds, Brisbane, Australia, P. 261-271.
        31. Erlinda, F. etal (1983). PhdUpp. J. WeedSci., 83: 3~11.
        32. Fagi, A.M. etal (1989). In: Proc. 20'h Asian Rice Farming Systems Working Group Meeting, October 2-7, Indonesia,
        33. pp: 171-188. .
        34. Fagi, AM. et al (1992). Int. Centre for living Aquatic Resources Mgmt, 24:273-286.
        35. FAO (1988). FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAPA) Bulletin No: 4, FAO/RAPA, Bangkok, Thailand,
        36. pp: 34-36.
        37. Fatemi, H. (1983). Iranian J. PI. Pathol., 19(1/4): 20-28.
        38. Fedoruk, A. and Leelapatra, W. (1992). Int. Centre lor living Aquatic Resources Mgmt., 24: 91-104.
        39. Gavina, L.D. (1990). Int. Centre lor living Aquatic Resources Mgmt., 13(2): 18-20.
        40. Heddy, S. et al (1979). Agrivita, 2(1): 8-10.
        41. Hickling, C.F. (1961). Tropical In1and FISheries, Longman, London, pp: 287.
        42. Hickling, C.F. (1971).F'1sh Cultl.lre. Feher arxI Feher, London.
        43. Huashan, S.etal (1992)./RRN, 17(1): 28-29.
        44. Janiya, J.D. arxI Moody,K (1981)./RRN, 6(5): 23-24.
        45. Janiya, J.D. and Moody, K (19~). Trop. Pest Management, 30(1): 1-6.
        46. Janiya, J.D. and Moody, K (1986). IRRN, 11(1) : 28-29.
        47. Jeyararnan, S. (1991). MadrasAgric. J., 78: 9-12.
        48. Jiteridra Pandey and Sokla, K (1990). /ndianJ. Weed Sci., 22(3&4): 34-37.
        49. Joha, C.S. (1986). MS Thesis, Univ. Gottingen, West Germany.
        50. Kanniyan, S. et al (1983). IRRN, 8(4): 21
        51. Kapusta, G. etal (1982). WeedSci., 30: 54-58.
        52. Khattab, A.F. et al (1981). In:Proc. of 4th Afro-AsIan Regional Conf. Int. Commn. on Irrigation and Drainage,
        53. . Lagos, Nigeria. pp: 215-226.
        54. Kiran Dube (1995). Indian Fmg., 45(8k 12-15.
        55. Krishnarajan, J. and Balasubrarnaniam, P. (1983)./RRN. 8(4):24.
        56. Kum Kum Shah etal (1996). /ndianFmg., 46(2): 30-31 & 36.
        57. Lang, N.J. and Seaman, D.E. (1964). Pl.PhysioJ., 31: 671-675.
        58. Lasher, C.W. (1967). Prog. FISh Cub., 29: 48-50;
        59. Latha, KR. (1985). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, TNAU, Coimbatore.
        60. Lightfoot, C. etal (1990). Int. Centre lor living Aquatic Resources Magmt., 13(4): 12-13.
        61. Likangmin (1988). Aquaculture, 71:173-186.
        62. Liu, C.C. (1985). In: Proc. of the Workshop on Azolla Use, Fuzhou, Fujian, China, pp:67-76.
        63. Liu, Z. and Zheng, W. (1989). Azolla in China. Agriculture Press, Beijing, pp: 429.
        64. Liu Chand Chu (1995). In : Rice Management Biotechnology (Kanniyan .•S. ed.), Associated Publishing Co,
        65. New Delhi, pp: 293-298.
        66. Lu, S.S. and Haung, C.P. (1988).J. oIEcok!gy(China), 7(4): 26-29.
        67. Lumpkin, T.K. andPlucknett, DL(1980). £Co. Bot, 34: 111-153..
        68. Manjappa, Ketal (1987). IRRN, 12(4): 63-64.
        69. Mather, AS. et al (1989). IRRN, 6(5): 23-24.
        70. Mathew, P.M. (1991). J. Inland FISh Soc. (India), 2: 113-119.
        71. Mathur, KC. (1996). !CAR NewsJ., 2(1): 1-3.
        72. Mehrotra, R.K. and Ghosh, A.K. (1977). AllahabadFarmer, 48: 435-436.
        73. Mishra, B.P. and Singh, V.K. (1989). IndianJ. Agron., 34(4): 457-458.
        74. Mitre, A. etal (1992). Aquaculture, 75: 162-163.
        75. Moraes, S. De. (1976). Lavoura-Arrozeira, 29(4): .17-18.
        76. Mukhopadhyay, S.K. and De Datta, G.t. (1979). IRRN, 4(1): 11-12.
        77. Murthy, H.S. and Devaraj, KV. (1991). Fish Techno/. (Kochi), 28(2): 106-110.
        78. Nagogi Dinh (1979). Bio-trop. BuD., 11: 201-208.
        79. Nazeer, M. and Prasad, N.N. (1984). Phykos, 23(10-12): 269-272.
        80. Nguyen, C.T. (1930). BuD. £Con. Indo-China, 3: 335-350.
        81. 196 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS
        82. Nie Da-Shu et a/. (1985). In : Proc. of Asian Shymp. on Fresh Water Fish Culture, Beijing.
        83. Nie,D. et al (1992). Int Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Mgmt., 24: 173-175.
        84. Olsen, C. (1972). Compt. Rend. 711. Carisberg LAb., 37: 269-283.
        85. Panda, M.M. etal (1987). PI. Soil, 102: 131-132.
        86. Peters, GA and Calvert, HI. (1982). The azolIa-Anabaena azollaesymbiosis. Physiological Society of America, Spl.
        87. Volume.
        88. Peters, G.A. et al (1986). PI. Soil, 90: 17-34.
        89. Piepho, HP. and Alkamper, J. (1991). J. Agroh Crop Sci., 166: 289-299.
        90. Piepho, H.P. (1993). IRRN, 18(1): 54-55.
        91. Purushothaman, S. and Hosmani, M.M. (1990). Indian J. Agric., 34(3): 305-306.
        92. Ramiah, S. and Muthukrishnan, P. (1992).lndianJ. AgrorJ:, 37: 317-319.
        93. Rekha Ghosh et al (1994). Indian Fmg., 44(4): 23-26.
        94. Ruddle, K (1982). Agric. Admin., 10: 1-11.
        95. Sarkar, A.I. and Jana, S. (1985). Sci. Reptr., 22: 428-429.
        96. Satapathy, KB. (1993). IndianJ. Pi Physiol,36:98-102
        97. Satapathy, KB. and Singh, P.K. (1985). J. Aquatic PI. Mgmt., 23: 40-42.
        98. Satyaram, H etal (1989). Oryza, 26: 323-326.
        99. Schwartz, D.P. etal (1989). Prog. Ash Cult., 48(4): 259-263..
        100. Shanmugasundaram, VS. and Ravi. K. (1992).lnt. Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Mgmt., 15(8): 29.
        101. Shanmugasundaram, VS. and BaIU&amy, M. (1993a). Farming Systems, 9(3&4): 105-107.
        102. Shanmugasundararn, VS. and Halusamy, M. (1993b)./RRN, 18(3): 40.
        103. Shanmugasundaram, V.S. and Balusamy, M. (1993c). Int. Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Mgmt., 16(2-3): 23.
        104. Sharma, G. and Singh, R.P. (1981). In: Proc. 8th Asian-Pacific Weed Sci. Soc. Conf., Bangalore., India, Nov. 22-29, Vol. II, pp: 109-111.
        105. Singh, D.P. and Singh, P.K. (1995). lndianJ. Agric. Sci.; 65: 10-16.
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