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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

volume 29 issue 4 (december 2008) : 248 - 259

RESPONSE OF HYBRID MAIZE TO PLANT DENSITY AND FERTILIZER LEVELS – A REVIEW

M
M. Mohamed Amanullah
M
M. Srikanth*
P
P. Muthukrishnan
K
K. Ponnuswamy
1Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641 003, India

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Amanullah Mohamed M., Srikanth* M., Muthukrishnan P., Ponnuswamy K. (2025). RESPONSE OF HYBRID MAIZE TO PLANT DENSITY AND FERTILIZER LEVELS – A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 29(4): 248 - 259. doi: .

ABSTRACT

Maize is one of the most important cereal crops grown in tropical and temperate regions of the
world. Despite its high yield potential, it is giving low yields because of lack of appropriate
information on plant geometry and fertilizer management. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
are the major plant nutrients, which limit normal plant growth. Increasing productivity per unit
area through agronomic management is one of the important strategies to increase the production
of maize grain. Keeping this in view, an attempt was carried out to review the work done on the
effect of spacing and fertilizer levels on yield and economics of maize hybrids. In maize, the effect
of plant density and fertilizer levels is well documented. From the review, it is understood that the
response of hybrid maize to plant density and fertilizer requirement varies widely. Summarizing
the review undertaken, it can be concluded that the potential productivity of hybrid maize could be
achieved when it is grown under optimum spacing of 75 x 20 cm and high fertilizer levels of
200:100:100 NPK Kg ha -1 under irrigated condition.

KEYWORDS

    REFERENCES

    1. Abdul, S. (2002). M.Sc Thesis, NWFP, Agric. Univ. Peshawar, Pakistan.
    2. Adaikkappan, N. (1996). M.Sc (Ag.) Thesis. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.
    3. Akhtar, M. et al. (1999). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 2(1):240-241.
    4. Ali, A. et al. (1999). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 2(3):889-890.
    5. Ali, J. et al. (2002). Asian J. Plant Sci., 1(4):367-369.
    6. Ali, T. et al. (2004). J. Agron. 3(3):201-207.
    7. Alias, M.A. (1997). M.Sc. Thesis, Univ. Agric., Faisalabad.
    8. Al-Kaisi, M. and Yin, X. (2003). Agron. J., 95:1475-1482.
    9. Ameta, G.S. and Dakur, L.L. (2000). Inter. J. Trop. Agric., 18(4):395-398.
    10. Andreinski, Z.H. et al. (2000). Maize Abstr., 16(3):156.
    11. Arunkumar, M.A. et al. (2007). Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 20(1):(44 - 46).
    12. Ayub, M. et al. (2002). Asian J. Plant Sci., 1:352-354.
    13. Azam, S. et al. (2007). J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 2(1):13-20.
    14. Banga, R.S. et al. (1994). Haryana J. Agron., 10(2):177-181.
    15. Bangarwa, A.S. et al. (1989). Indian J. Agron., 34(4):393-395.
    16. Begna, S.H. et al. (1999). Maize Abstr., 15(1):220.
    17. Biqiu, L.. et al. (1999). Maize Abstr., 15(2):78.
    18. Bruns, H.A. and Abbas, H.K. (2005). Agron. J., 97:1136-1140.
    19. Caberera, M.L. et al. (1986). Agron. J., 78:620-622.
    20. Chandenkar, M.M. et al. (2005). Ann. Plant Physiol., 19(2):172-174.
    21. Chapman, S.R. and Carter, L.P. (1976). Crop Production Principles and Practices. Freeman and
    22. Company, U.S.A.
    23. Chaudhry, A.U. and Malik, J.K. (2000). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 3(12):1994-1995.
    24. Chaudhry, S.K. and Roy, H. (1992). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 40:868-870.
    25. Chen, C.C. et al. (1991). Maize Abstr., 7(3):358.
    26. Cox, W.J. (1997). J. Prod. Agric., 10:405-410.
    27. Duraisami, V.P. et al. (2002). Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 36:97-103.
    28. Gaur, B.L. et al. (1992). Indian J. Agron., 37(4):816-817.
    29. 225588 J.A GDRAIICRYUITNUGR,A FLO ORDESV &I EHW.SS.
    30. Gaurkar, S.G., and. Bharad, G.M. (1998). PKV Res. J., 22(1):136-137.
    31. Gautam, R.C. et al. (2002). Indian J. Agric. Sci., 11:769-770.
    32. Gehl, R.J. et al. (2005). Agron. J., 97:1230-1238.
    33. Gollar, R.G. and. Patil, V.C. (2000). Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 13(1):1-6.
    34. Govil, S.R. and Pandey, H.N. (1999). Maize Abstr., 15(5):296.
    35. Gozubenli, H. et al. (2003). Indian J. Agron., 48(3):203-205.
    36. Haque, M.M. et al. (2002). Field Crop Abstr., 55(6):716.
    37. Inman, D. et al. (2005). Agron. J., 97:169-175.
    38. Ippersiel, D.L. et al. (1989). Agron. J., 81:783-786.
    39. Khan, M. A. and. Gill, M.A. (1992). Pak. J. Sci. Res., 43-44:28-31.
    40. Khan, M.A. et al. (1999). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 2 (3):857-859.
    41. Khot, R.B. et al. (1993). J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ., 18 (1):155-156.
    42. Kovacevic, V. et al. (2006). Cereal Res. Communications, 34(2-3):1129-1135.
    43. Kulhari, R.K. et al. (1998). Haryana J. Agron., 14(2):265-266.
    44. Kumar, P. (2007). M.Sc (Ag.) Thesis. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.
    45. Kunjir, S.S. et al. (2007). Crop Prot. Prod., 3(2):25-27.
    46. Luchsinger, L.A. and R.C. Guzman. (1999). Maize Abstr., 15(4):231.
    47. Mahdi M. et al. (2003). Agron. J., 95:1475-1482.
    48. Mahmood, T. et al. (1998). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 1(4):259-263.
    49. Mahmood, T. et al. (2000). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 3(3):531-533.
    50. Manojkumar, A. and Singh, M. (2003). Crop Res., 25(1):46-49.
    51. Maqbool, A. and Silva, A. (1998). Pak. J. Soil Sci., 15:130-134.
    52. Maqsood, M. et al. (2000). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 3(2):356-357.
    53. Marschner, H. (1997). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd edn, Academic Press, Hacourt Brace and
    54. Company, London.
    55. Mazaheri, D. and Akbary, G.A. (1999). Maize Abstr., 15(2):160.
    56. Miao, Y. et al. (2006). Agron. J., 98:129-140.
    57. Misra, B.N. et al. (1994). Indian J. Agron., 39(3):468-469.
    58. Munisamy, S. et al. (2007). Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 41(2):186-190.
    59. Muthukrishnan, P. and Subramaniyan, S. (1984). Madras Agric. J., 71(6):406-407.
    60. Muthuswamy, P. et al. (1990). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 38:541-542.
    61. Nafziger, E. (1994). J. Prod. Agric., 7:59-62.
    62. Naidu, S.G. et al. (2005). Andhra Agric. J., 52 (1/2):15-17.
    63. Nanjundappa, G. and. Manure, G.R. (2002). Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 36:36-38.
    64. Nanjundappa, G. et al. (1994). Indian J. Agron., 39(3):473-475.
    65. Nielson, R.L. (2006). www. agry.purdev.edu/ext/corn/research/psv/ Report 2005. pdf.
    66. Padmavathi, P. and Gopalswamy, N. (1995). Madras Agric. J., 82(6-8):460-461.
    67. Pandey, A.K. et al. (2000). Maize Abstr., 16(3):154.
    68. Paolo, E.D. and Rinaldi, M. (2008). Field Crops Res., 105:202-210.
    69. Paradkar, V.K. and Sharma, R.K. (1993). Indian J. Agron., 38(4):650-652.
    70. Parasuraman, P. (2005). Madras Agric. J., 92(1-3):89-94.
    71. Parthipan, T. and Premsekhar, M. (2002). J. Agric. Resource Management. 1(3):145-149.
    72. Prasad, B. and Shrivastava, A.R. (1992). Potassium Res., 8:65-70.
    73. Rai, R.K. et al. (1984). Indian J. Agron., 29:267-273.
    74. Ramakrishnan, S. (1992). M.Sc (Ag.) Thesis. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.
    75. Rameshwar and Singh, C.M. (1998). Indian J. Agric. Res., 32(1):65-70.
    76. Reddy, D.D. and Khera, M.S. (2000). Maize Abstr., 16(6):406.
    77. Reddy, M.N. et al. (1994). J. Water Mgmt., 2(2):82-83.
    78. Roy, H.K. and Kumar, A. (1990). Indian J. Agric. Sci., 60:762-764.
    79. Sadiq, S.A. (2001). M.Sc Thesis, NWTP Agric.Univ. Peshawar, Pakistan.
    80. Saeed, I. et al. (2001). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 4(8):949-952.
    81. VVooll.. 2297,, NNoo.. 41,, 22000087 225599
    82. Sahoo, S.C. and Panda, M.M (1997). Indian J. Agric. Sci., 67(9):397-398.
    83. Sahoo, S.C. and Mahapatra, P.K. (2004). Indian J. Agric. Sci., 74(6):337-338.
    84. Saleem, A. et al. (2003). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 6(14):1229-1231.
    85. Sankaran, N. et al. (2005). Madras Agric. J., 92(7-9):464-468.
    86. Scharf, P.C. et al. (2005). Agron. J., 97:452-461.
    87. Selvaraju, R. and. Iruthayaraj, M.R. (1995). Madras Agric. J., 82(3):215-216.
    88. Shahzad, M.A. et al. (1996). Pak. J. Soil Sci., 12:74-76.
    89. Shanmugasundaram, V.S. and Govindaswamy, M. (1984). Madras Agric. J., 71(4):263-265.
    90. Shapiro, C.A. and Wortmann, C.S. (2006). Agron. J., 98:529-535.
    91. Shivay, Y.S. et al. (1999). Indian J. Agron., 44(2):261-266.
    92. Singh, A. and Vyas, K. (1998). Haryana J. Agron., 44(2):242-245.
    93. Singh, D, and Singh, S.M. (2006). Indian J. Agric. Sci., 76(6):372-374.
    94. Singh, D. et al. (1997). Haryana J. Agron., 13(1):54-58.
    95. Singh, D.P. et al. (2000). Indian J. Agron., 45 (3):515-519.
    96. Singh, R.N. et al. (2003). Crop Res., 26(1):71-74.
    97. Singh, S and Sarkar, A.K. (2001). Indian J. Agron., 46(4):605-610.
    98. Siva, P. (2007). M.Sc (Ag.) Thesis. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.
    99. Stanger, T.F. and Laner, J.G. (2006). Agron. J., 98:914-921.
    100. Stone, P.J. et al. (1999). Maize Abstr., 15(6):402.
    101. Thakur, D.R. and Sharma, V. (1999). Maize Abstr., 15(6):413.
    102. Tollenear, M. et al. (2006). Agron. J., 98:930-937.
    103. Turgut, I. et al.. (2005). J. Agron and Crop Sci., 191:145-151.
    104. Tyagi, R.C. et al. (1998). Maize Abstr., 16(2):81.
    105. Vadivel, N. et al. (1999). Madras Agric. J., 86(7-9):498-499.
    106. Varughese, K. and Iruthayaraj, M.R. (1996). Madras Agric. J., 83(3):189-193.
    107. Verma, S.K. and Joshi, V.P. (1999). Maize Abstr., 15(1):162.
    108. Yogananda, S.B. et al. (1999). Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 33:21-25.
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      volume 29 issue 4 (december 2008) : 248 - 259

      RESPONSE OF HYBRID MAIZE TO PLANT DENSITY AND FERTILIZER LEVELS – A REVIEW

      M
      M. Mohamed Amanullah
      M
      M. Srikanth*
      P
      P. Muthukrishnan
      K
      K. Ponnuswamy
      1Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641 003, India

      • Submitted|

      • First Online |

      • doi

      Cite article:- Amanullah Mohamed M., Srikanth* M., Muthukrishnan P., Ponnuswamy K. (2025). RESPONSE OF HYBRID MAIZE TO PLANT DENSITY AND FERTILIZER LEVELS – A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 29(4): 248 - 259. doi: .

      ABSTRACT

      Maize is one of the most important cereal crops grown in tropical and temperate regions of the
      world. Despite its high yield potential, it is giving low yields because of lack of appropriate
      information on plant geometry and fertilizer management. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
      are the major plant nutrients, which limit normal plant growth. Increasing productivity per unit
      area through agronomic management is one of the important strategies to increase the production
      of maize grain. Keeping this in view, an attempt was carried out to review the work done on the
      effect of spacing and fertilizer levels on yield and economics of maize hybrids. In maize, the effect
      of plant density and fertilizer levels is well documented. From the review, it is understood that the
      response of hybrid maize to plant density and fertilizer requirement varies widely. Summarizing
      the review undertaken, it can be concluded that the potential productivity of hybrid maize could be
      achieved when it is grown under optimum spacing of 75 x 20 cm and high fertilizer levels of
      200:100:100 NPK Kg ha -1 under irrigated condition.

      KEYWORDS

        REFERENCES

        1. Abdul, S. (2002). M.Sc Thesis, NWFP, Agric. Univ. Peshawar, Pakistan.
        2. Adaikkappan, N. (1996). M.Sc (Ag.) Thesis. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.
        3. Akhtar, M. et al. (1999). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 2(1):240-241.
        4. Ali, A. et al. (1999). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 2(3):889-890.
        5. Ali, J. et al. (2002). Asian J. Plant Sci., 1(4):367-369.
        6. Ali, T. et al. (2004). J. Agron. 3(3):201-207.
        7. Alias, M.A. (1997). M.Sc. Thesis, Univ. Agric., Faisalabad.
        8. Al-Kaisi, M. and Yin, X. (2003). Agron. J., 95:1475-1482.
        9. Ameta, G.S. and Dakur, L.L. (2000). Inter. J. Trop. Agric., 18(4):395-398.
        10. Andreinski, Z.H. et al. (2000). Maize Abstr., 16(3):156.
        11. Arunkumar, M.A. et al. (2007). Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 20(1):(44 - 46).
        12. Ayub, M. et al. (2002). Asian J. Plant Sci., 1:352-354.
        13. Azam, S. et al. (2007). J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 2(1):13-20.
        14. Banga, R.S. et al. (1994). Haryana J. Agron., 10(2):177-181.
        15. Bangarwa, A.S. et al. (1989). Indian J. Agron., 34(4):393-395.
        16. Begna, S.H. et al. (1999). Maize Abstr., 15(1):220.
        17. Biqiu, L.. et al. (1999). Maize Abstr., 15(2):78.
        18. Bruns, H.A. and Abbas, H.K. (2005). Agron. J., 97:1136-1140.
        19. Caberera, M.L. et al. (1986). Agron. J., 78:620-622.
        20. Chandenkar, M.M. et al. (2005). Ann. Plant Physiol., 19(2):172-174.
        21. Chapman, S.R. and Carter, L.P. (1976). Crop Production Principles and Practices. Freeman and
        22. Company, U.S.A.
        23. Chaudhry, A.U. and Malik, J.K. (2000). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 3(12):1994-1995.
        24. Chaudhry, S.K. and Roy, H. (1992). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 40:868-870.
        25. Chen, C.C. et al. (1991). Maize Abstr., 7(3):358.
        26. Cox, W.J. (1997). J. Prod. Agric., 10:405-410.
        27. Duraisami, V.P. et al. (2002). Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 36:97-103.
        28. Gaur, B.L. et al. (1992). Indian J. Agron., 37(4):816-817.
        29. 225588 J.A GDRAIICRYUITNUGR,A FLO ORDESV &I EHW.SS.
        30. Gaurkar, S.G., and. Bharad, G.M. (1998). PKV Res. J., 22(1):136-137.
        31. Gautam, R.C. et al. (2002). Indian J. Agric. Sci., 11:769-770.
        32. Gehl, R.J. et al. (2005). Agron. J., 97:1230-1238.
        33. Gollar, R.G. and. Patil, V.C. (2000). Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 13(1):1-6.
        34. Govil, S.R. and Pandey, H.N. (1999). Maize Abstr., 15(5):296.
        35. Gozubenli, H. et al. (2003). Indian J. Agron., 48(3):203-205.
        36. Haque, M.M. et al. (2002). Field Crop Abstr., 55(6):716.
        37. Inman, D. et al. (2005). Agron. J., 97:169-175.
        38. Ippersiel, D.L. et al. (1989). Agron. J., 81:783-786.
        39. Khan, M. A. and. Gill, M.A. (1992). Pak. J. Sci. Res., 43-44:28-31.
        40. Khan, M.A. et al. (1999). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 2 (3):857-859.
        41. Khot, R.B. et al. (1993). J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ., 18 (1):155-156.
        42. Kovacevic, V. et al. (2006). Cereal Res. Communications, 34(2-3):1129-1135.
        43. Kulhari, R.K. et al. (1998). Haryana J. Agron., 14(2):265-266.
        44. Kumar, P. (2007). M.Sc (Ag.) Thesis. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.
        45. Kunjir, S.S. et al. (2007). Crop Prot. Prod., 3(2):25-27.
        46. Luchsinger, L.A. and R.C. Guzman. (1999). Maize Abstr., 15(4):231.
        47. Mahdi M. et al. (2003). Agron. J., 95:1475-1482.
        48. Mahmood, T. et al. (1998). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 1(4):259-263.
        49. Mahmood, T. et al. (2000). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 3(3):531-533.
        50. Manojkumar, A. and Singh, M. (2003). Crop Res., 25(1):46-49.
        51. Maqbool, A. and Silva, A. (1998). Pak. J. Soil Sci., 15:130-134.
        52. Maqsood, M. et al. (2000). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 3(2):356-357.
        53. Marschner, H. (1997). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd edn, Academic Press, Hacourt Brace and
        54. Company, London.
        55. Mazaheri, D. and Akbary, G.A. (1999). Maize Abstr., 15(2):160.
        56. Miao, Y. et al. (2006). Agron. J., 98:129-140.
        57. Misra, B.N. et al. (1994). Indian J. Agron., 39(3):468-469.
        58. Munisamy, S. et al. (2007). Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 41(2):186-190.
        59. Muthukrishnan, P. and Subramaniyan, S. (1984). Madras Agric. J., 71(6):406-407.
        60. Muthuswamy, P. et al. (1990). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 38:541-542.
        61. Nafziger, E. (1994). J. Prod. Agric., 7:59-62.
        62. Naidu, S.G. et al. (2005). Andhra Agric. J., 52 (1/2):15-17.
        63. Nanjundappa, G. and. Manure, G.R. (2002). Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 36:36-38.
        64. Nanjundappa, G. et al. (1994). Indian J. Agron., 39(3):473-475.
        65. Nielson, R.L. (2006). www. agry.purdev.edu/ext/corn/research/psv/ Report 2005. pdf.
        66. Padmavathi, P. and Gopalswamy, N. (1995). Madras Agric. J., 82(6-8):460-461.
        67. Pandey, A.K. et al. (2000). Maize Abstr., 16(3):154.
        68. Paolo, E.D. and Rinaldi, M. (2008). Field Crops Res., 105:202-210.
        69. Paradkar, V.K. and Sharma, R.K. (1993). Indian J. Agron., 38(4):650-652.
        70. Parasuraman, P. (2005). Madras Agric. J., 92(1-3):89-94.
        71. Parthipan, T. and Premsekhar, M. (2002). J. Agric. Resource Management. 1(3):145-149.
        72. Prasad, B. and Shrivastava, A.R. (1992). Potassium Res., 8:65-70.
        73. Rai, R.K. et al. (1984). Indian J. Agron., 29:267-273.
        74. Ramakrishnan, S. (1992). M.Sc (Ag.) Thesis. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.
        75. Rameshwar and Singh, C.M. (1998). Indian J. Agric. Res., 32(1):65-70.
        76. Reddy, D.D. and Khera, M.S. (2000). Maize Abstr., 16(6):406.
        77. Reddy, M.N. et al. (1994). J. Water Mgmt., 2(2):82-83.
        78. Roy, H.K. and Kumar, A. (1990). Indian J. Agric. Sci., 60:762-764.
        79. Sadiq, S.A. (2001). M.Sc Thesis, NWTP Agric.Univ. Peshawar, Pakistan.
        80. Saeed, I. et al. (2001). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 4(8):949-952.
        81. VVooll.. 2297,, NNoo.. 41,, 22000087 225599
        82. Sahoo, S.C. and Panda, M.M (1997). Indian J. Agric. Sci., 67(9):397-398.
        83. Sahoo, S.C. and Mahapatra, P.K. (2004). Indian J. Agric. Sci., 74(6):337-338.
        84. Saleem, A. et al. (2003). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 6(14):1229-1231.
        85. Sankaran, N. et al. (2005). Madras Agric. J., 92(7-9):464-468.
        86. Scharf, P.C. et al. (2005). Agron. J., 97:452-461.
        87. Selvaraju, R. and. Iruthayaraj, M.R. (1995). Madras Agric. J., 82(3):215-216.
        88. Shahzad, M.A. et al. (1996). Pak. J. Soil Sci., 12:74-76.
        89. Shanmugasundaram, V.S. and Govindaswamy, M. (1984). Madras Agric. J., 71(4):263-265.
        90. Shapiro, C.A. and Wortmann, C.S. (2006). Agron. J., 98:529-535.
        91. Shivay, Y.S. et al. (1999). Indian J. Agron., 44(2):261-266.
        92. Singh, A. and Vyas, K. (1998). Haryana J. Agron., 44(2):242-245.
        93. Singh, D, and Singh, S.M. (2006). Indian J. Agric. Sci., 76(6):372-374.
        94. Singh, D. et al. (1997). Haryana J. Agron., 13(1):54-58.
        95. Singh, D.P. et al. (2000). Indian J. Agron., 45 (3):515-519.
        96. Singh, R.N. et al. (2003). Crop Res., 26(1):71-74.
        97. Singh, S and Sarkar, A.K. (2001). Indian J. Agron., 46(4):605-610.
        98. Siva, P. (2007). M.Sc (Ag.) Thesis. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.
        99. Stanger, T.F. and Laner, J.G. (2006). Agron. J., 98:914-921.
        100. Stone, P.J. et al. (1999). Maize Abstr., 15(6):402.
        101. Thakur, D.R. and Sharma, V. (1999). Maize Abstr., 15(6):413.
        102. Tollenear, M. et al. (2006). Agron. J., 98:930-937.
        103. Turgut, I. et al.. (2005). J. Agron and Crop Sci., 191:145-151.
        104. Tyagi, R.C. et al. (1998). Maize Abstr., 16(2):81.
        105. Vadivel, N. et al. (1999). Madras Agric. J., 86(7-9):498-499.
        106. Varughese, K. and Iruthayaraj, M.R. (1996). Madras Agric. J., 83(3):189-193.
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