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volume 31 issue 2 (june 2010) : 139 - 144

VANILLA BREEDING - A REVIEW

B
B. Sasikumar
1National Agricultural Research Institute, Mon Repos, East Coast Demerara, Guyana, South America

  • Submitted|

  • First Online |

  • doi

Cite article:- Sasikumar B. (2025). VANILLA BREEDING - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 31(2): 139 - 144. doi: .

ABSTRACT

Breeding behaviour of vanilla needs a thorough relook taking into consideration the various
reports of autogamy, self incompatibility and natural crossing. Vanilla planifolia flower is adapted
to cross pollination, the anthers being physically separated from the stigma by a rostellum. In
case of aided pollination, the rostellum is pushed back and the anthers are brought to contact
with the stigma ensuring pollination. However, occasionally autogamy too is observed besides
self incompatibility. Cultivar diversity, arising probably due to somatic crossing over, bud sports
or sexual reproduction, too is encountered in the crop though vegetative propagation is the rule
in vanilla .Vanilla germplasm maintained in the clonal repositories conserve both the primary
and secondary gene pools. Given the scenario of viable sexual reproduction and the scope for
fixing any new variation through vegetative propagation ,vanilla improvement is exciting. The
present review is an attempt to look into the global scenario of conventional breeding of vanilla
taking into consideration the conflicting reports on the breeding behaviour of the plant which
may give new directions for the improvement of the crop by conventional breeding. New breeding
strategies are also suggested.

REFERENCES

  1. Anonymous,(2001). Three decades of spices research at Kerala Agricultural University. Nybe, E.V. (Ed.), Kerala Agricultural
  2. University, Trissur, Kerala, India.
  3. Arditti, J andGhani,A.K.A.(2000). Numerical and physical properties of orchid seeds and their biological implications.
  4. New Phytol., 145: 367-421.
  5. Bhat, S.K andSudarsan,M.R.(1998).Floral biology and fruit growth in vanilla (V. planifolia Andrews). In: Recent Advances
  6. in Plantation Crops Research, Muraleedharan,M and Rajkumar,R. (Eds.), Allied Publishers, Coimbatore,
  7. India, Pp. 110-112.
  8. Bhat, S.K and Sudarsan,M.R.(2000).Effect of pollen load on growth and development of vanilla (V. planifolia Andrews)
  9. fruits. In: Centennial Conference on Spices and Aromatic Crops. Indian Society for Spices, Calicut, Kerala,
  10. India, pp. 13-16.
  11. Bory, S.,Grisoni,M.,Duval,M.F and Besse,P(2008).Biodiversity and preservation of vanilla: Present state of knowledge.
  12. Genet. Res. & Crop Evoln., 55: 551-571.
  13. Bouriquet, G.(1954).Le vanillier et la vanilla dans le monde. Encyclopedie Biologique XLVL. Lechevalier, Paris VI.
  14. Cameron, K and Chase,M.W.(1999).Phylogenetic relationship of Pogoniiae (Vanilloideae, Orchidaceae): a
  15. herbaceous example of the eastern north America-eastern Asia phylogeographic disjunction. J. Plant Res.,112: 317-29.
  16. Castillo Martinez, R andEngleman,E.M.(1993). Characterizacion dedos tiposde Vanilla planifolia. Acta Bot. Mexico, 25:49-59.
  17. Chadard, R.(1963).Contribution a letude cyto-taxonomique des orchidees. Rev. Cyt .et Biol. Veg., 26:1-58.
  18. Childers, N.F. and Cibes,H.R.(1948).Vanilla culture in Puerto Rico. Circular No.28, Federal Experimental Station in
  19. Puerto Rico of the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington DC.
  20. Childers, N.F,Cibes,H.R and Hernandez-Medina,E.(1959).Vanilla- the orchid of commerce. In: The Orchids. A
  21. Scientific Survey, Withner,L(Ed.). Ronald Press Co. New York. Delassus, M.(1960). La lutte contre la
  22. fusariose du vanillier par les methods genetiques. L’ Agronomie Tropicale, 15: 245-246.
  23. Dequaire, J.(1976). L’ amelioration du vanillier a Madagascar. J. d’ Agri. Trop. et de. Bot. Applique, 23: 140-158.
  24. Diaz,E.C.(1989). Manual para el cultivo de vainilla en la region de Papantla Veracruz Mexico. Papantla, Vercruz,
  25. Mexico. FOFIFA,(1990). Le vanillier. Bilande la Recherche Agricole a Madagascar, Pp. 112-119.
  26. Grisoni, M., Come,B and Nany,F.(1997). Project de relance dela vanilla culture dans la region du SAVA. Compte-
  27. Rendu deMission a Madagascar, La Reunion.
  28. Heim, P.(1954). Le noyau dans le genre Vanilla. In: Le vanillier et la vanilla dans le monde, Lechevalier,P (Ed.) Paris.
  29. Hoffmann, K.M.(1929). Zytologische Studien der Orchidaceen (Vorlaufige Mitteilung). Ber deut Bot .Gesell., 47:321-326.
  30. Kuruvilla, K.M.,Pradipkumar,K and Madhusoodanan,K.J.(2000). A descriptor for vanilla. Indian Spices, 37: 10-11.
  31. Leclerc-Le Quillec, F, Riviere.C, Lagorce,A.(2001). Spread of Cymbidium Mosaic Potexvirus and potyvirus in vanilla
  32. plants grown in shade house in Reunion Islands. Fruits, 56: 249-260.
  33. Lubinsky, P.(2003).Conservation of wild Vanilla. In: First International Congress on the future of Vanilla Business,
  34. Protection, NJ, USA 11-12 Nov.2003.
  35. Lubinsky, P.( 2004). Vanilla diversity in Mexico. In: Vanilla 2004. Second International Congress, Cannes, France, 30
  36. Sept- 01 Oct., 2004. Bakto Flavors, Rutgers University.
  37. Lubinsky,P.,Van Dam,M and Van Dam,A.(2006).Pollination of vanilla and evolution in Orchidaceae.Orchids,75:926-929.
  38. Martin, F.W.(1963). Chromosome number and behaviour in a Vanilla hybrid and several Vanilla species. Bullet. Torrey
  39. Bot. Club, 90: 416 417.
  40. Minoo, D.,Nirmal Babu, K., Ravindran,P.N and Peter,K.V.(2006). Interspecific hybridization in vanilla and molecular
  41. characterization of hybrids and selfed progenies using RAPD and markers. Sci. Hort., 108: 414-412.
  42. Nair, R.R and Ravindran,P.N.(1994). Somatic association of chromosomes and other mitotic abnormalities in Vanilla
  43. planifolia Andrews. Caryologia, 47: 65-73.
  44. 144 AGRICUTURAL REVIEWS
  45. Nelsen, L.R and Siegismund,H.R.(1999). Interspecific differentiation and hybridization in Vanilla species (Orchidaceae).
  46. Heredity, 83: 560 567.
  47. NissarMuhammed,V.A.,Hrideek,T.A.,Kuruvilla,K.M.,Madhusoodanan,K.JandThomas,J.(2006).Studies on pollination,
  48. inter- specific hybridization in vanilla. J. Plantation Crops 34 : 167- 170.
  49. Pearson,M.N.,Jackson,G.V.H.,Zettler,F.W and Frison,E.A.(Eds).(1991).Technical guidelines for the safe movement of
  50. Vanilla germplasm. FAO/IBPGR, Pp17.
  51. Porteres,R.(1954). Le genre Vanilla et ses especes. In: Levanillier et la vanilla dans le monde . Paris.
  52. Potty, S.N.(2003). Introduction. In: Vanilla –The Prince of Spices. Spices Board, Cochin, India.
  53. Pradeep Kumar, T., Babu,D.C., Aipe,K.C and Mathew,S.(2003).
  54. Clonal variability in black pepper hybrid Panniyur-1. J. Spices and Aromatic Crops, 12: 154-157.
  55. Rao, Y.S., Kuruvilla,K.M andMadhusoodanan,K.J.(1994).Collection of Vanilla wightiana Lindl- an endangered wild
  56. species from Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. Indian. J. Plant Genet. Res., 7: 257-259.
  57. Sasikumar, B.( 2004). Vanilla musings. Spice India, 17: 29-30.
  58. Sasikumar, B.,.Rema,J and Ravindran,P.N.(1992).Vanilla. Indian. Cocoa, Arecanut and Spices J., XVI: 6-10.
  59. Shahanas, C. H.,Syamkumar,S and Sasikumar,B.(2003). Analysis of genetic fidelity in rooted cuttings of black pepper.
  60. In: Proc. National Seminar on Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. ICAR Research Complex, Goa, pp. 9-14.
  61. Soto Arenas, M.A.( 1999).Filogeografia y recursos geneticos de las vainillas de Mexico .http://www.conabio.gob.mx/
  62. institucion /proyectos/resultados/infj101.pdf.
  63. Soto Arenas ,M.A. (2003).Vanilla. In: Genera Orchidacearum: Orchidoideae Pridgeon, A.M.,Cribb,P.J., Chase ,M.W
  64. and Rasmussen,F.N. (Eds). Oxford University Press, USA.
  65. Tonier, J.P.(1951).Note technique annexee au rapport annuel 1951 du laboratoire d’ etude sur le vanillier. Madagascar.
  66. Wiess, E.A. (2002). Orchidaceae. In: Spice Crops. CAB International, CABI Publishing, Wallington, UK.
  67. Wong, M. (2005). Germplasm collection of Vanilla tahitensis in French Polynesia. In : Vanilla 2005 Mexico, The International
  68. Symposium on the Vanilla Buisness,Veracruz, Mexico, 15-16, Nov.2005.
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    volume 31 issue 2 (june 2010) : 139 - 144

    VANILLA BREEDING - A REVIEW

    B
    B. Sasikumar
    1National Agricultural Research Institute, Mon Repos, East Coast Demerara, Guyana, South America

    • Submitted|

    • First Online |

    • doi

    Cite article:- Sasikumar B. (2025). VANILLA BREEDING - A REVIEW. Agricultural Reviews. 31(2): 139 - 144. doi: .

    ABSTRACT

    Breeding behaviour of vanilla needs a thorough relook taking into consideration the various
    reports of autogamy, self incompatibility and natural crossing. Vanilla planifolia flower is adapted
    to cross pollination, the anthers being physically separated from the stigma by a rostellum. In
    case of aided pollination, the rostellum is pushed back and the anthers are brought to contact
    with the stigma ensuring pollination. However, occasionally autogamy too is observed besides
    self incompatibility. Cultivar diversity, arising probably due to somatic crossing over, bud sports
    or sexual reproduction, too is encountered in the crop though vegetative propagation is the rule
    in vanilla .Vanilla germplasm maintained in the clonal repositories conserve both the primary
    and secondary gene pools. Given the scenario of viable sexual reproduction and the scope for
    fixing any new variation through vegetative propagation ,vanilla improvement is exciting. The
    present review is an attempt to look into the global scenario of conventional breeding of vanilla
    taking into consideration the conflicting reports on the breeding behaviour of the plant which
    may give new directions for the improvement of the crop by conventional breeding. New breeding
    strategies are also suggested.

    REFERENCES

    1. Anonymous,(2001). Three decades of spices research at Kerala Agricultural University. Nybe, E.V. (Ed.), Kerala Agricultural
    2. University, Trissur, Kerala, India.
    3. Arditti, J andGhani,A.K.A.(2000). Numerical and physical properties of orchid seeds and their biological implications.
    4. New Phytol., 145: 367-421.
    5. Bhat, S.K andSudarsan,M.R.(1998).Floral biology and fruit growth in vanilla (V. planifolia Andrews). In: Recent Advances
    6. in Plantation Crops Research, Muraleedharan,M and Rajkumar,R. (Eds.), Allied Publishers, Coimbatore,
    7. India, Pp. 110-112.
    8. Bhat, S.K and Sudarsan,M.R.(2000).Effect of pollen load on growth and development of vanilla (V. planifolia Andrews)
    9. fruits. In: Centennial Conference on Spices and Aromatic Crops. Indian Society for Spices, Calicut, Kerala,
    10. India, pp. 13-16.
    11. Bory, S.,Grisoni,M.,Duval,M.F and Besse,P(2008).Biodiversity and preservation of vanilla: Present state of knowledge.
    12. Genet. Res. & Crop Evoln., 55: 551-571.
    13. Bouriquet, G.(1954).Le vanillier et la vanilla dans le monde. Encyclopedie Biologique XLVL. Lechevalier, Paris VI.
    14. Cameron, K and Chase,M.W.(1999).Phylogenetic relationship of Pogoniiae (Vanilloideae, Orchidaceae): a
    15. herbaceous example of the eastern north America-eastern Asia phylogeographic disjunction. J. Plant Res.,112: 317-29.
    16. Castillo Martinez, R andEngleman,E.M.(1993). Characterizacion dedos tiposde Vanilla planifolia. Acta Bot. Mexico, 25:49-59.
    17. Chadard, R.(1963).Contribution a letude cyto-taxonomique des orchidees. Rev. Cyt .et Biol. Veg., 26:1-58.
    18. Childers, N.F. and Cibes,H.R.(1948).Vanilla culture in Puerto Rico. Circular No.28, Federal Experimental Station in
    19. Puerto Rico of the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington DC.
    20. Childers, N.F,Cibes,H.R and Hernandez-Medina,E.(1959).Vanilla- the orchid of commerce. In: The Orchids. A
    21. Scientific Survey, Withner,L(Ed.). Ronald Press Co. New York. Delassus, M.(1960). La lutte contre la
    22. fusariose du vanillier par les methods genetiques. L’ Agronomie Tropicale, 15: 245-246.
    23. Dequaire, J.(1976). L’ amelioration du vanillier a Madagascar. J. d’ Agri. Trop. et de. Bot. Applique, 23: 140-158.
    24. Diaz,E.C.(1989). Manual para el cultivo de vainilla en la region de Papantla Veracruz Mexico. Papantla, Vercruz,
    25. Mexico. FOFIFA,(1990). Le vanillier. Bilande la Recherche Agricole a Madagascar, Pp. 112-119.
    26. Grisoni, M., Come,B and Nany,F.(1997). Project de relance dela vanilla culture dans la region du SAVA. Compte-
    27. Rendu deMission a Madagascar, La Reunion.
    28. Heim, P.(1954). Le noyau dans le genre Vanilla. In: Le vanillier et la vanilla dans le monde, Lechevalier,P (Ed.) Paris.
    29. Hoffmann, K.M.(1929). Zytologische Studien der Orchidaceen (Vorlaufige Mitteilung). Ber deut Bot .Gesell., 47:321-326.
    30. Kuruvilla, K.M.,Pradipkumar,K and Madhusoodanan,K.J.(2000). A descriptor for vanilla. Indian Spices, 37: 10-11.
    31. Leclerc-Le Quillec, F, Riviere.C, Lagorce,A.(2001). Spread of Cymbidium Mosaic Potexvirus and potyvirus in vanilla
    32. plants grown in shade house in Reunion Islands. Fruits, 56: 249-260.
    33. Lubinsky, P.(2003).Conservation of wild Vanilla. In: First International Congress on the future of Vanilla Business,
    34. Protection, NJ, USA 11-12 Nov.2003.
    35. Lubinsky, P.( 2004). Vanilla diversity in Mexico. In: Vanilla 2004. Second International Congress, Cannes, France, 30
    36. Sept- 01 Oct., 2004. Bakto Flavors, Rutgers University.
    37. Lubinsky,P.,Van Dam,M and Van Dam,A.(2006).Pollination of vanilla and evolution in Orchidaceae.Orchids,75:926-929.
    38. Martin, F.W.(1963). Chromosome number and behaviour in a Vanilla hybrid and several Vanilla species. Bullet. Torrey
    39. Bot. Club, 90: 416 417.
    40. Minoo, D.,Nirmal Babu, K., Ravindran,P.N and Peter,K.V.(2006). Interspecific hybridization in vanilla and molecular
    41. characterization of hybrids and selfed progenies using RAPD and markers. Sci. Hort., 108: 414-412.
    42. Nair, R.R and Ravindran,P.N.(1994). Somatic association of chromosomes and other mitotic abnormalities in Vanilla
    43. planifolia Andrews. Caryologia, 47: 65-73.
    44. 144 AGRICUTURAL REVIEWS
    45. Nelsen, L.R and Siegismund,H.R.(1999). Interspecific differentiation and hybridization in Vanilla species (Orchidaceae).
    46. Heredity, 83: 560 567.
    47. NissarMuhammed,V.A.,Hrideek,T.A.,Kuruvilla,K.M.,Madhusoodanan,K.JandThomas,J.(2006).Studies on pollination,
    48. inter- specific hybridization in vanilla. J. Plantation Crops 34 : 167- 170.
    49. Pearson,M.N.,Jackson,G.V.H.,Zettler,F.W and Frison,E.A.(Eds).(1991).Technical guidelines for the safe movement of
    50. Vanilla germplasm. FAO/IBPGR, Pp17.
    51. Porteres,R.(1954). Le genre Vanilla et ses especes. In: Levanillier et la vanilla dans le monde . Paris.
    52. Potty, S.N.(2003). Introduction. In: Vanilla –The Prince of Spices. Spices Board, Cochin, India.
    53. Pradeep Kumar, T., Babu,D.C., Aipe,K.C and Mathew,S.(2003).
    54. Clonal variability in black pepper hybrid Panniyur-1. J. Spices and Aromatic Crops, 12: 154-157.
    55. Rao, Y.S., Kuruvilla,K.M andMadhusoodanan,K.J.(1994).Collection of Vanilla wightiana Lindl- an endangered wild
    56. species from Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. Indian. J. Plant Genet. Res., 7: 257-259.
    57. Sasikumar, B.( 2004). Vanilla musings. Spice India, 17: 29-30.
    58. Sasikumar, B.,.Rema,J and Ravindran,P.N.(1992).Vanilla. Indian. Cocoa, Arecanut and Spices J., XVI: 6-10.
    59. Shahanas, C. H.,Syamkumar,S and Sasikumar,B.(2003). Analysis of genetic fidelity in rooted cuttings of black pepper.
    60. In: Proc. National Seminar on Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. ICAR Research Complex, Goa, pp. 9-14.
    61. Soto Arenas, M.A.( 1999).Filogeografia y recursos geneticos de las vainillas de Mexico .http://www.conabio.gob.mx/
    62. institucion /proyectos/resultados/infj101.pdf.
    63. Soto Arenas ,M.A. (2003).Vanilla. In: Genera Orchidacearum: Orchidoideae Pridgeon, A.M.,Cribb,P.J., Chase ,M.W
    64. and Rasmussen,F.N. (Eds). Oxford University Press, USA.
    65. Tonier, J.P.(1951).Note technique annexee au rapport annuel 1951 du laboratoire d’ etude sur le vanillier. Madagascar.
    66. Wiess, E.A. (2002). Orchidaceae. In: Spice Crops. CAB International, CABI Publishing, Wallington, UK.
    67. Wong, M. (2005). Germplasm collection of Vanilla tahitensis in French Polynesia. In : Vanilla 2005 Mexico, The International
    68. Symposium on the Vanilla Buisness,Veracruz, Mexico, 15-16, Nov.2005.
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